{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T11:08:49Z","timestamp":1777806529518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tommaso Gentile","award":["56093FRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56093FRE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenols and phthalates affect androgen receptor-mediated signaling that directly regulates Kallikrein-Related serine Peptidase 3 (KLK3) secretion, indicating that environmental factors may play a role in KLK3 secretion. With the aim of obtaining preliminary data on whether KLK3 could serve as an early marker of environmental pollution effects, in 61 and 58 healthy women living in a high environmental impact (HEI) and low environmental impact (LEI) area, respectively, serum KLK3 levels at different phases of menstrual cycle were measured. KLK3 values resulted in always being higher in the HEI group with respect to the LEI group. These differences were particularly relevant in the ovulatory phase (cycle day 12\u00b0\u201313\u00b0) of the menstrual cycle. The differences in KLK3 values during the three phases of the menstrual cycle were significant in the LEI group differently from the HEI group. In addition, higher progesterone levels were observed in the LEI group with respect to the HEI group in the luteal phase, indicating an opposite trend of KLK3 and progesterone in this phase of the menstrual cycle. Although changes in KLK3 could also depend on other factors, these preliminary data could be an early indication of an expanding study of the role of biomarkers in assessing early environmental effects for female reproductive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"8833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Could Kallikrein-Related Serine Peptidase 3 Be an Early Biomarker of Environmental Exposure in Young Women?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariacira","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giusy","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center \u201cGun\u00e8\u201d, 80011 Acerra, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Crescenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic Center \u201cHERA\u201d, 80014 Giugliano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic Center \u201cHERA\u201d, 80014 Giugliano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"De Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGentile s.a.s.\u201d Research Center, 80054 Gragnano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Lettieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Piscopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Montano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), \u201cOspedale San Francesco D\u2019Assisi\u201d, Oliveto Citra, 84020 Salerni, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0034","article-title":"Kallikreins on Steroids: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation of Prostate-Specific Antigen and the Extended Kallikrein Locus","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. 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