{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:07:15Z","timestamp":1787987235256,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021002970002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021002970002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various chlorine-based disinfectants are being used during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, only a few studies on exposure to harmful gases resulting from the use of these disinfectants exist. Previously, we developed a personal passive air sampler (PPAS) to estimate the exposure level to chlorine gas while using chlorinated disinfectants. Herein, we investigated the color development of the passive sampler corresponding to chlorine exposure concentration and time, which allows the general population to easily estimate their gas exposure levels. The uptake and reaction rate of PPAS are also explained, and the maximum capacity of the sampler was determined as 1.8 mol of chlorine per unit volume (m3) of the passive sampler. Additionally, the effects of disinfectant types on the gas exposure level were successfully assessed using passive samplers deployed in a closed chamber. It is noteworthy that the same level of chlorine gas is generated from liquid household bleach regardless of dilution ratios, and we confirmed that the chlorine gas can diffuse out from a gel-type disinfectant. Considering that this PPAS reflects reactive gas removal, individual working patterns, and environmental conditions, this sampler can be successfully used to estimate personal exposure levels of chlorinated gases generated from disinfectants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18178940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"8940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Personal Passive Air Samplers for Chlorinated Gases Generated from the Use of Consumer Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yeonjeong","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerim","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-7562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2021, June 01). COVID-19: How to Protect Yourself & Others. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/prevention.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2021, June 01). Preventing and Mitigating COVID-19 at Work; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-workplace-actions-policy-brief-2021-1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118701","article-title":"The energy and environmental footprints of COVID-19 fighting measures\u2013PPE, disinfection, supply chains","volume":"211","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EPA (2021, June 07). List N Tool: COVID-19 Disinfectants, Available online: https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/wizards\/disinfectants\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"MOE (2021, June 07). Guidelines for Disinfection of COVID-19 and Detailed Guidelines for Safe use of Disinfection Products (Written in Korean). Available online: https:\/\/ecolife.me.go.kr\/ecolife\/bbs\/notice\/show\/2897."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.597","article-title":"Uses of inorganic hypochlorite (bleach) in health-care facilities","volume":"10","author":"Rutala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12402","article-title":"Observations and impacts of bleach washing on indoor chlorine chemistry","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05767","article-title":"Multiphase chemistry controls inorganic chlorinated and nitrogenated compounds in indoor air during bleach cleaning","volume":"54","author":"Mattila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1669244","article-title":"Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: A literature review","volume":"31","author":"Achanta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8461","article-title":"Chlorinated pool attendance, atopy, and the risk of asthma during childhood","volume":"114","author":"Bernard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90162-7","article-title":"Household bleaches based on sodium hypochlorite: Review of acute toxicology and poison control center experience","volume":"32","author":"Racioppi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490265004","article-title":"Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome in housewives due to a bleach\u2013hydrochloric acid mixture","volume":"16","author":"Gorguner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1","article-title":"Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19\u2014national poison data system, United States, january 1, 2020\u2013march 31, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharpure, R., Hunter, C.M., Schnall, A.H., Barrett, C.E., Kirby, A.E., Kunz, J., Berling, K., Mercante, J.W., Murphy, J.L., and Garcia--Williams, A.G. (2020). Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for COVID-19 prevention\u2014United States, May 2020. Wiley Online Libr., 2946\u20132950.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16300"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12747","article-title":"Development of a personal passive air sampler for estimating exposure to effective chlorine while using chlorine-based disinfectants","volume":"31","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.043","article-title":"Calibration of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane foam passive air samplers for measuring semi volatile organic compounds using a novel exposure chamber design","volume":"227","author":"Tromp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00305E","article-title":"Evaluation and guidelines for using polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers in double-dome chambers to assess semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in non-industrial indoor environments","volume":"16","author":"Bohlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.11.003","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane-based permeation passive air sampler. part I: Calibration constants and their relation to retention indices of the analytes","volume":"1218","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Safety, O., and Administration, H. (1981). Method ID-101: Chlorine in workplace atmospheres. Analytical Methods Manual, OSHA."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Council, N.R. (2004). Chlorine: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 4, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.12.047","article-title":"Polyurethane foam (PUF) disks passive air samplers: Wind effect on sampling rates","volume":"144","author":"Tuduri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7868","DOI":"10.1021\/es401486f","article-title":"Effect of wind on the chemical uptake kinetics of a passive air sampler","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.12.033","article-title":"Passive air sampling theory for semivolatile organic compounds","volume":"60","author":"Bartkow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1021\/es0348849","article-title":"Characterizing uptake kinetics of PAHs from the air using polyethylene-based passive air samplers of multiple surface area-to-volume ratios","volume":"38","author":"Bartkow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24244-y","article-title":"Sorbent film-coated passive samplers for explosives vapour detection part A: Materials optimisation and integration with analytical technologies","volume":"8","author":"McEneff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105104","article-title":"Silicone wristbands integrate dermal and inhalation exposures to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05240","article-title":"Can Silicone Passive Samplers be Used for Measuring Exposure of e-Waste Workers to Flame Retardants?","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/8940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1760165480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/8940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18178940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18178940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}}}