{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:08:59Z","timestamp":1792451339020,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Is well known that oral health and dental aesthetic have significant effects on the sociality of human beings. The aim of the present study was to assess some aspects of oral health with possible repercussions in adolescent and youth, with particular reference to gender differences. Methods: A total of 190 subjects with female prevalence (F = 62.6%, M = 37%) and ages between 14 and 29 years old (Mean = 23.8; SD = 3.27) participated. Evaluation was carried using standardized instruments to assess quality of oral life (PIDAQ), negative impact of oral conditions (OHIP-14), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale). Correlational and difference analyses and linear regressions were performed. Results: Significant gender differences were found in terms of gender, in reference to variables such as self-confidence and convictions. Positive correlations emerged between psychological impact and social impact, aesthetic concern and social impact, convictions and self-confidence, oral health with psycho-social impact, and aesthetic concern, self-esteem with oral health. Inverse correlations emerged between psycho-social impact and self-confidence, aesthetic concern and self-confidence, oral health, and self-confidence. Multivariate linear regression indicated relations between age and psychological impact, sex and self-confidence, crooked teeth and conviction. Conclusions: The impact of oral health on the psychological well-being of young people is relevant. These factors, if considered within clinical practice, can improve the quality of life of the subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1630058003000},"page":"9022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Psychological and Social Effects of Oral Health and Dental Aesthetic in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Militi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Sicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Portelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele Maria","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"CRISCAT (International Research Center for Theoretical and Applied Cognitive Sciences), University of Messina and Universitary Consortium of Eastern Mediterranean, Noto (CUMO) University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Terranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Frisone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"CRISCAT (International Research Center for Theoretical and Applied Cognitive Sciences), University of Messina and Universitary Consortium of Eastern Mediterranean, Noto (CUMO) University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Nucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Alibrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Settineri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12405","article-title":"Perception of facial, dental, and smile esthetics by dental students","volume":"30","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17518","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017518","article-title":"The relationship between levels of self-esteem and the development of depression in young adults with mild depressive symptom","volume":"98","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2307\/590891","article-title":"Truth and goodness, mirrors and masks\u2014Part I: A sociology of beauty and the face","volume":"40","author":"Synnott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Goffman, E. (1986). Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Simon & Schuster Inc. Edition."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.656","article-title":"Dental anxiety in relation to aggressive characteristics of patients","volume":"7","author":"Mento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1179\/14653120723139","article-title":"Aesthetic impact of malocclusion in the daily living of Brazilian adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90253-0","article-title":"An evaluation of the psychological and social effects of malocclusion: Some implications for dental policy making","volume":"28","author":"Kenealy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/3.3.151","article-title":"Factors influencing the desire for orthodontic treatment","volume":"3","author":"Shaw","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdsr.2015.04.005","article-title":"Dental esthetic impact of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need based on self-perception among university students","volume":"2","author":"Siti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claudino, D., and Traebert, J. (2013). Malocclusion, dental aesthetic self-perception and quality of life in a 18 to 21 year-old population: A cross section study. BMC Oral Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.2319\/082608-452R.1","article-title":"Psychosocial Impact of Dental Esthetics on Quality of Life in Adolescents: Association with Malocclusion, Self-Image, and Oral Health\u2013Related Issues","volume":"79","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavaliauskien\u0117, A., \u0160idlauskas, A., and Zaborskis, A. (2017). Association between Global Life Satisfaction and Self-Rated Oral Health Conditions among Adolescents in Lithuania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111338"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121141641","article-title":"Bullying in orthodontic patients and its relationship to malocclusion, self-esteem and oral health-related quality of life","volume":"38","author":"Seehra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"ZC05","article-title":"Impact of Dental Disorders and its Influence on Self Esteem Levels among Adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12034","article-title":"Clinical status in adolescents: Is its impact on oral health-related quality of life influenced by psychological characteristics?","volume":"121","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/12.4.148","article-title":"Esthetic issues in behavioral dentistry","volume":"12","author":"Albino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/22.2.175","article-title":"Perceived aesthetic impact of malocclusion and oral self-perceptions in 14-15-year-old Asian and Caucasian children in Greater Manchester","volume":"22","author":"Mccord","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq014","article-title":"The effect of malocclusion and self-perceived aesthetics on the self-esteem of a sample of Jordanian adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Badran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2307\/2112099","article-title":"Research note: The effect of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations","volume":"46","author":"Clifford","year":"1973","journal-title":"Sociol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji083","article-title":"Development of a questionnaire for assessment of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics in young adults","volume":"28","author":"Klages","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2014.616243","article-title":"Italian Validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ)","volume":"06","author":"Settineri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"E44","article-title":"Validation the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14sp) for adults in Spain","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"239","article-title":"Validation of the Italian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (IOHIP-14)","volume":"4","author":"Corridore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"52","article-title":"Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy","volume":"61","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Meas. Package"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"35","article-title":"La scala dell\u2019autostima di Rosenberg: Traduzione e validazione Italiana","volume":"223","author":"Prezza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Boll. Psicol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3","article-title":"Do Malocciusions Affect the Individual\u2019s Oral Health-Related Quality of Life?","volume":"5","author":"Traebertm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumeister, R. (1993). Causes and Consequences of Low Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents. Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Selfregard, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8956-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.08.040","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on self-esteem in an adolescent population","volume":"138","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv093","article-title":"The psycho-social impact of malocclusions and treatment expectations of adolescent orthodontic patients","volume":"38","author":"Twigge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2013.43.4.193","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of malocclusion in Spanish adolescents","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1179\/146531204225020644","article-title":"Self-perceived orthodontic treatment need evaluated through 3 scales in a university population","volume":"31","author":"Major","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.734401","article-title":"Daily life impact of malocclusion in Swedish adolescents: A grounded theory study","volume":"71","author":"Bayat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"731","article-title":"Impact of self-esteem on the relationship between orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life in 11- to 16-year-old children","volume":"34","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.11.021","article-title":"Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Agou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju092","article-title":"Impact of self-esteem and personality traits on the association between orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life in adults seeking orthodontic treatment","volume":"37","author":"Clijmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12302","article-title":"Prevalence of dental developmental anomalies of permanent teeth in children and their influence on esthetics","volume":"29","author":"Fekonja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"77","article-title":"Correlations between cephalic posture and facial type in patients suffering from breathing obstructive syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Crupi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-44.4.9","article-title":"Canine Transposition\u2014Prevalence, Distribution and Treatment Considerations among Orthodontic Patients","volume":"44","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02907-y","article-title":"Novel low-dose protocols using cone beam computed tomography in dental medicine: A review focusing on indications, limitations, and future possibilities","volume":"23","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"59","article-title":"Standard and low-dose cone beam computer tomography protocol for orthognatodontic diagnosis: A comparative evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Portelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00844768","article-title":"Cooperation of adolescents in orthodontic treatment","volume":"14","author":"Albino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/10.1.235","article-title":"The prediction of patient co-operation in orthodontic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Woolass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/110320","article-title":"Self-perception of smile attractiveness as a reliable predictor of increased patient compliance with an orthodontist","volume":"28","author":"Sarul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:53:08Z","timestamp":1760165588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18179022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18179022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]}}}