{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:29:13Z","timestamp":1790357353578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Desquamative gingivitis (DG) denotes a heterogeneous immune-mediated disease for which early diagnosis represents a great challenge. The main aim of this study is to validate diagnostic concordance between specific Optical Coherence Tomography (OTC) patterns for DG related to oral Lichen Planus (OLP), Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), and Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP) and definitive histological diagnosis. Forty-three patients with suspected immune-mediated DGs, were progressively recruited. Before biopsy, an OCT preliminary evaluation was performed using specific pre-determined OCT diagnostic patterns (i.e., morphology and localization of blisters, status of the basal membrane, epithelial thickness, presence\/absence of acantholytic cells into blister and\/or inflammatory infiltrate) related to OLP, PV and MMP. After histological confirmation, OCT and histological diagnoses were compared. Using pre-determined patterns, OCT diagnoses of DGs were: 22 (51%) OLP, of which 11 (26%) were with the bullous variant, 4 (9%) PV and 6 (14%) MMP. The same diagnoses were found by histological investigations (with the main OCT discriminatory potential for the bullous variant of OLP). The concordance between the two diagnostic methods was confirmed by the Fisher exact test (p-value &lt; 0.01). These specific OCT patterns show a diagnostic reliability in 100% of the cases investigated, suggesting their accuracy to support the complex diagnosis and management of immune-mediated DGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"9095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnostic Concordance between Optical Coherence Tomography and Histological Investigations for Immune-Mediated Desquamative Gingivitis: Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6339-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Panzarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Bartolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Coniglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sector of Oral Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1409-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Rodolico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department ProMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Capocasale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Policlinico \u201cG. B. Rossi\u201d of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Iurato Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9443-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070231","article-title":"Diagnostic Pathways and Clinical Significance of Desquamative Gingivitis","volume":"79","author":"Fedele","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00461-7","article-title":"Oral Lesions in Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04142.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Desquamative Gingivitis: Evaluation of 125 Patients and Review of the Literature","volume":"48","author":"Fierro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12839","article-title":"Diagnostic Patterns and Delays in Autoimmune Blistering Diseases of the Mouth: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"24","author":"Hassona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1038-8","article-title":"Periodontal Clinical and Microbiological Data in Desquamative Gingivitis Patients","volume":"18","author":"Gallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maderal, A.D., Lee Salisbury, P., and Jorizzo, J.L. (2018). Desquamative Gingivitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 78.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.056"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18032","article-title":"The Optimal Oral Biopsy Site for Diagnosis of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"182","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-017-8975-2","article-title":"Subepidermal Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: Overview, Epidemiology, and Associations","volume":"66","author":"Kridin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13159","article-title":"Direct Immunofluorescence Is of Limited Utility in Patients with Low Clinical Suspicion for an Oral Autoimmune Bullous Disorder","volume":"26","author":"Bresler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01510","article-title":"An Overview on Current Non-Invasive Diagnostic Devices in Oral Oncology","volume":"9","author":"Mascitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/15\/002","article-title":"Theory, Developments and Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"38","author":"Tomlins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14267","article-title":"In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in a Case of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and a Negative Nikolsky\u2019s Sign","volume":"45","author":"Capocasale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Stasio, D., Lauritano, D., Iquebal, H., Romano, A., Gentile, E., and Lucchese, A. (2019). Measurement of Oral Epithelial Thickness by Optical Coherence Tomography. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9030090"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12589","article-title":"The Potential Role of in Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography for Evaluating Oral Soft Tissue: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Gentile","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.112009","article-title":"In-Vivo Usefulness of Optical Coherence Tomography in Atrophic-Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: Comparison between Histopathological and Ultrastructural Findings","volume":"211","author":"Gambino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandel, V.D., Cinotti, E., Benati, E., Labeille, B., Ciardo, S., Vaschieri, C., Cambazard, F., Perrot, J.L., and Pellacani, G. (2018). Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography for the Diagnosis of Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus and Surrounding Subclinical Lesions. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 32.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14795"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02917.x","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Bullous Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panzarella, V., Bartolone, A., Rodolico, V., Capocasale, G., Maniscalco, L., Matranga, D., di Fede, O., and Campisi, G. (2021). Immune-Mediated Desquamative Gingivitis and Optical Coherence Tomography Diagnostic Patterns: Clinical Implication from a Systematic Review. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081453"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"331","article-title":"Desquamative Gingivitis-A Clinicopathological Review","volume":"44","author":"Tofan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2788","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical, Histopathological and Direct Immunofluorescence Spectrum of Vesiculobullous Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Arundhathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mignogna, M.D., Fortuna, G., Leuci, S., Ruoppo, E., Marasca, F., and Matarasso, S. (2008). Nikolsky\u2019s Sign on the Gingival Mucosa: A Clinical Tool for Oral Health Practitioners. J. Periodontol., 79.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080217"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12263","article-title":"Oral Autoimmune Vesicobullous Diseases: Classification, Clinical Presentations, Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostic Algorithms, and Management","volume":"80","author":"Leuci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190071","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190071","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Oral Mucosa Bullous Diseases: A Preliminary Study","volume":"49","author":"Lauritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3315\/jdcr.2017.1239","article-title":"Bullous Lichen Planus\u2013A Review","volume":"11","author":"Liakopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Case Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9095\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:30Z","timestamp":1760165670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18179095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18179095","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]}}}