{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:25:31Z","timestamp":1790457931650,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic presented the characteristics of a traumatic event that could trigger post-traumatic stress disorder. Emergency Medical Services workers are already a high-risk group due to their professional development. The research project aimed to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on EMS professionals in terms of their mental health. For this purpose, we present a descriptive crosssectional study with survey methodology. A total of 317 EMS workers (doctors, nurses, and emergency medical technicians) were recruited voluntarily. Psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder, and insomnia were assessed. The instruments were the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS-8), and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-8). We found that 36% of respondents had psychological distress, 30.9% potentially had PTSD, and 60.9% experienced insomnia. Years of work experience were found to be positively correlated, albeit with low effect, with the PTSD score (r = 0.133). Finally, it can be stated that the COVID-19 pandemic has been a traumatic event for EMS workers. The number of professionals presenting psychological distress, possible PTSD, or insomnia increased dramatically during the early phases of the pandemic. This study highlights the need for mental health disorder prevention programmes for EMS workers in the face of a pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1630321297000},"page":"9132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 Trauma on Developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Emergency Medical Workers in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Caballero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergencies Management (SACYL), 40002 Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"C\u00e1rdaba-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergencies Management (SACYL), 40002 Segovia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Varas-Manovel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergencies Management (SACYL), 40002 Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4413-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergencies Management (SACYL), 40002 Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0659-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Piedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Transportation Group, 40195 Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carbajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergencies Management (SACYL), 40002 Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6031-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Primary Care Management Valladolid West (SACYL), 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Madrigal-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. \u00c1ngeles","family":"Barba-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5128-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Olea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Durantez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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