{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:05:40Z","timestamp":1787166340894,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Identification of factors associated with quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors can contribute to better functioning in this group of patients. The study aimed to assess the association between QOL and anthropometric, sociodemographic, and medical characteristics in postmastectomy women from southwestern Poland, 9.4 (\u00b16.5) years after completed treatment. Materials and methods: QOL was estimated with the SF-36v2 questionnaire in 250 survivors aged 62.8 (\u00b18.0) years with previously histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer. Results: Women in this study rated their overall QOL with an average of 60.7 (\u00b117.9), Mental Component Summary of 62.8 (\u00b119.8), and Physical Component Summary of 57.5 (\u00b118.8) points. The use of multivariate regression analysis revealed that depression, chronic diseases, abdominal obesity, and pregnancy history have a statistically significant negative effect on the QOL of women after mastectomy, whereas participation in regular physical activity, living with a partner, the education level \u2265 12 years, and living in the city were associated with a higher QOL assessment. There were no significant relationships between QOL and the age, time since surgery, type of treatment, smoking, and occupational status of the patients. Conclusions: Health education, greater social support, specialist care in the treatment of comorbidities, and propagation of a physically active lifestyle can improve the physical and mental functioning of breast cancer survivors long after diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:15:56Z","timestamp":1630934156000},"page":"9321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Socio-Demographic and General Health Factors Associated with Quality of Life in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors from Southwestern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Socha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, al. I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof A.","family":"Sobiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, al. I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2013.16.2.220","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in women with breast cancer: A prospective study including hormonal therapy","volume":"16","author":"Sert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9653-1","article-title":"Health-related quality of life before and after a breast cancer diagnosis","volume":"109","author":"Sprague","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Quality of life of women with breast cancer\u2014Emotional and social aspects","volume":"3","author":"Gavric","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2663-2","article-title":"High body mass index is associated with worse quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy","volume":"141","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2016.01.003","article-title":"A prospective study of quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy","volume":"1","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27389","article-title":"Associations among physical activity, body mass index, and health-related quality of life by race\/ethnicity in a diverse sample of breast cancer survivors","volume":"118","author":"Paxton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq151","article-title":"Maintenance of physical activity and body weight in relation to subsequent quality of life in postmenopausal breast cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Voskuil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm5030229","article-title":"Comorbidities and quality of life among breast cancer survivors: A prospective study","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health-related quality of life among women breast cancer patients in eastern China","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Obesity and physical inactivity are related to impaired physical health of breast cancer survivors","volume":"33","author":"Elme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burzy\u0144ska, M., Maniecka-Bry\u0142a, I., and Pikala, M. (2020). Trends of mortality due to breast cancer in Poland, 2000\u20132016. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8256-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8451","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261624","article-title":"The association between illness acceptance and quality of life in women with breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Chabowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S113530","article-title":"Quality of life of women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Muszalik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"110","article-title":"Quality of life and the level of knowledge and utilization of lymphedema prevention principles among mastectomized patients","volume":"4","author":"Dobrzycka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.1.185","article-title":"Quality of life of women with breast cancer and socio-demographic factors","volume":"21","author":"Konieczny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"464","article-title":"Same quality of life for Polish breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy and breast reconstruction or breast-conserving therapy","volume":"88","author":"Wydra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0785-6","article-title":"A methodological review of the Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) and its derivatives among breast cancer survivors","volume":"24","author":"Treanor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2008). Waist Circumference and Waist\u2013Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-330","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with breast cancer before and after diagnosis: An eighteen months follow-up study","volume":"8","author":"Montazeri","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604091","article-title":"Adjusting to life after treatment: Distress and quality of life following treatment for breast cancer","volume":"97","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyl065","article-title":"Early effect of surgery on quality of life in women with operable breast cancer","volume":"36","author":"Pandey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-015-0438-y","article-title":"Depression and quality of life before and after breast cancer diagnosis in older women from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.98986","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in survivors of breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cancer. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.18794\/aams\/75133","article-title":"Physical activity level and quality of life in menopausal women","volume":"72","author":"Naworska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Silesiensis"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"169","article-title":"Relationships between diets and the quality of life to women aged 50 to 64","volume":"70","author":"Gawlik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.2.487","article-title":"Long-term quality of life after breast cancer: Comparison of 8-year survivors with population controls","volume":"16","author":"Dorval","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.1903","article-title":"Quality of life in long-term breast cancer survivors","volume":"31","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3319-7","article-title":"The impact of cancer and quality of life among long-term survivors of breast cancer in Austria","volume":"24","author":"Bouskill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.05.017","article-title":"Quality of life among long-term breast cancer survivors: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Mols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.1.39","article-title":"Quality of life in long-term, disease-free survivors of breast cancer: A follow-up study","volume":"94","author":"Ganz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860310017658","article-title":"Predictors of quality of life of breast cancer patients","volume":"42","author":"Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"703","article-title":"Impact of mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery on quality of life of women after breast cancer","volume":"41","author":"Mendes","year":"2017","journal-title":"OMundo Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.32768\/abc.202073119-126","article-title":"The unique mental impacts of breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy according to a multi-centered cross sectional survey conducted in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Hazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05838-7","article-title":"Assessment of the quality of life in breast cancer depending on the surgical treatment","volume":"29","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns, B., Ara, R., Young, T., and Relton, C. (2013). Association between body mass index and health-related quality of life, and the impact of self-reported long-term conditions\u2014Cross-sectional study from the south Yorkshire cohort dataset. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1009"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0376-4","article-title":"Waist circumference, body mass index, and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort","volume":"25","author":"Gaudet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29552","article-title":"Overall and central adiposity and breast cancer risk in the Sister Study","volume":"121","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.01.032","article-title":"Body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist\u2013hip-ratio and waist\u2013height-ratio: Which is the better discriminator of prevalent screen-detected diabetes in a Cameroonian population?","volume":"108","author":"Mbanya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802867","article-title":"BMI, waist-circumference and waist-hip-ratio as diagnostic tests for fatness in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Neovius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.183654","article-title":"Abdominal obesity indicators: Waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio in Malaysian adults population","volume":"7","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264314531618","article-title":"Waist circumference and health-related quality of life by sex in the Korean elderly","volume":"26","author":"So","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350101508010105","article-title":"Loneliness and emotional support predict physical and psychological distress in latinas with breast cancer and their supportive partners","volume":"8","author":"Segrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Psychol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_4_18","article-title":"Quality of life assessment of breast cancer patients in Saudi Arabia","volume":"26","author":"Nageeti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Family Community Med."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Brzyski, P., and Bajka, J. (2004). Spo\u0142eczne Uwarunkowania Jako\u015bci \u017bycia Kobiet u Progu Wieku Starszego: Badania Por\u00f3wnawcze, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300791","article-title":"Pregnancy as a risk factor for ambulatory limitation in later life","volume":"102","author":"Aiken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/154099904322836492","article-title":"Number of children associated with obesity in middle-aged women and men: Results from the health and retirement study","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"110","article-title":"Jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia na obszarach wiejskich w opinii kobiet z powiatu siedleckiego","volume":"19","author":"Ginter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rocz. Nauk. Stowarzyszenia Ekon. Rol. Agrobiz."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"509","article-title":"Psychosocial aspect of quality of life of Polish women with breast cancer","volume":"19","author":"Pacian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahir, C., Thomas, A.A., Dombrowski, S.U., Bennett, K., and Sharp, L. (2017). Urban\u2013rural variations in quality-of-life in breast cancer survivors prescribed endocrine therapy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040394"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1408-3","article-title":"Longterm quality of life after breast cancer: A French registry-based controlled study","volume":"129","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2016.11.004","article-title":"The association between socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among Polish postmenopausal women from urban and rural communities","volume":"68","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/84732","article-title":"Smoking status predicts cancer patients\u2019 quality of life over time","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-130526","article-title":"The effect of long-term gymnastic exercises on body composition changes in women after mastectomy","volume":"22","author":"Socha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"20","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in women five years after breast cancer surgery, members of Breast Cancer Self-Help Groups\u2013non-randomized, cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Sowa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, August 25). Federation of Amazons Associations. Available online: http:\/\/www.amazonkifederacja.pl\/."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"356","article-title":"Przegl\u0105d populacji kobiet zrzeszonych w klubie amazonek oraz analiza ich sytuacji zawodowej i finansowej przed i po przebytym zabiegu mastektomii","volume":"19","author":"Pacian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Og\u00f3lna Nauk. Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, E.T., Ang, R.Z., Tran, B.X., Ho, C.S., Zhang, Z., Tan, W., Bai, Y., Zhang, M., Tam, W.W., and Ho, R.C. (2019). Comparing Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients Who Underwent Mastectomy Versus Breast-Conserving Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244970"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"76","article-title":"Assessment of the quality of life of women with breast cancer depending on the surgical treatment method used","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:59Z","timestamp":1760165759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/17\/9321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18179321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18179321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]}}}