{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T13:24:08Z","timestamp":1783171448075,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2410-H-039-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2410-H-039-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008641","name":"Chung Shan Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSMU-INT-109-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-INT-109-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU108-ASIA-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU108-ASIA-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) gradually develop oropharyngeal dysphagia which is often associated with pneumonia risk. The possible association of benzodiazepine (BZD) and benzodiazepine related drugs (BZRD) use with pneumonia risk has received increasing attention but remains controversial. We investigated pneumonia risk associated with the use of BZDs and BZRDs in older adult patients with PD. This case-control study analyzed data of 551,975 older adult patients with PD between 2001 and 2018 in Taiwan. To minimize potential confounding, we used 1:4 propensity score matching to include older adult patients without pneumonia as controls. Incident pneumonia risk was significantly higher in current (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.23\u20131.27) and past (aOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.11\u20131.15) users of BZDs. Regarding BZRDs, recent (aOR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.06\u20131.11) and past (aOR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.88\u20130.91) users had higher and lower risks of incident pneumonia, respectively. Pneumonia risk varied based on their use of BZDs and BZRDs. In these individuals, incident pneumonia risk was high in users of BZDs, such as midazolam, lorazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, and clonazepam. Regarding the use of BZRDs, zopiclone increased incident pneumonia risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1630964858000},"page":"9410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pneumonia Risk Associated with the Use of Individual Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine Related Drugs among the Elderly with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Jaan","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Long Term Care, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 892009, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung-Han","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ying","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.19048","article-title":"Oro-pharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related movement disorders","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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