{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:12:41Z","timestamp":1784700761795,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Council of Norway","award":["281077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["281077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue is a continuous health burden in Laos and Thailand. We assessed and mapped dengue vulnerability in selected provinces of Laos and Thailand using multi-criteria decision approaches. An ecohealth framework was used to develop dengue vulnerability indices (DVIs) that explain links between population, social and physical environments, and health to identify exposure, susceptibility, and adaptive capacity indicators. Three DVIs were constructed using two objective approaches, Shannon\u2019s Entropy (SE) and the Water-Associated Disease Index (WADI), and one subjective approach, the Best-Worst Method (BWM). Each DVI was validated by correlating the index score with dengue incidence for each spatial unit (district and subdistrict) over time. A Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r) larger than 0.5 and a p-value less than 0.05 implied a good spatial and temporal performance. Spatially, DVIWADI was significantly correlated on average in 19% (4\u201340%) of districts in Laos (mean r = 0.5) and 27% (15\u201353%) of subdistricts in Thailand (mean r = 0.85). The DVISE was validated in 22% (12\u201340%) of districts in Laos and in 13% (3\u201338%) of subdistricts in Thailand. The DVIBWM was only developed for Laos because of lack of data in Thailand and was significantly associated with dengue incidence on average in 14% (0\u201328%) of Lao districts. The DVIWADI indicated high vulnerability in urban centers and in areas with plantations and forests. In 2019, high DVIWADI values were observed in sparsely populated areas due to elevated exposure, possibly from changes in climate and land cover, including urbanization, plantations, and dam construction. Of the three indices, DVIWADI was the most suitable vulnerability index for the study area. The DVIWADI can also be applied to other water-associated diseases, such as Zika and chikungunya, to highlight priority areas for further investigation and as a tool for prevention and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1630964858000},"page":"9421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development and Comparison of Dengue Vulnerability Indices Using GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Lao PDR and Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology; Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Shipin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology; Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0665-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de la G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 2000, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joacim","family":"Rockl\u00f6v","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 90187 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7413-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubydul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Siddikur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5402, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayfong","family":"Mayxay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane 43130, Laos"},{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Welcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane 43130, Laos"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamsai","family":"Pientong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirinart","family":"Aromseree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petchaboon","family":"Poolphol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 10(th), Ubon Ratchathani 34000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiengkham","family":"Pongvongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Savannakhet 13000, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanthasane","family":"Vannavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champasak Provincial Health Office, Pakse 1600, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"Overgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. 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