{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:16:57Z","timestamp":1791832617255,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is an urgent need to systematically analyze the growing body of literature on the effect of motor imagery (MI) training in children and adolescents. Methods: Seven databases and clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and full texts, and extracted data (studies\u2019 methodology, MI elements, temporal parameters). Two studies were meta-analyzed providing the standard mean difference (SDM). Selected studies were evaluated with the risk of bias (RoB) and GRADE tools. Results: A total of 7238 references were retrieved. The sample size of the 22 included studies, published between 1995 and 2021, ranged from 18 to 136 participants, totaling 934 (nine to 18 years). Studies included healthy pupils, mentally retarded adolescents, children with motor coordination difficulties or with mild mental disabilities. The motor learning tasks focused on upper, lower and whole body movements. SMDs for the primary outcome of pooled studies varied between 0.83 to 1.87 (95% CI, I2, T2 varied 0.33\u20133.10; p = 0.001; 0\u201374%; 0\u20130.59). RoB varied between some concerns and high risk. GRADE rating was low. Conclusions: MI combined with physical practice (PP) might have a high potential for healthy and impaired children and adolescents. However, important reporting recommendations (PETTLEP, TIDieR, CONSORT) should be followed. The systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42021237361.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T10:12:03Z","timestamp":1631095923000},"page":"9467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Zumbrunnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Science, 3007 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorica","family":"Suica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1535-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabina","family":"G\u00e4umann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2755-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Ziller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Schuster-Amft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103835","article-title":"The effects of visual impairment on motor imagery in children and adolescents","volume":"109","author":"Schott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. 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