{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:19:48Z","timestamp":1790047188622,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017\u2013February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020\u2013May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults &gt;18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1631190037000},"page":"9525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonia","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Pollara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1144","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as predictors of hospital admission for myocardial infarction and stroke: Time series analysis of English data for 2004\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Blackburn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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