{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:50:35Z","timestamp":1792709435137,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, a large number of women experience disrespectful and abusive behavior from care providers during childbirth. This violates the rights of women to attain respectful care. This study aimed to find out the women\u2019s experience of disrespect and abuse during institutional delivery. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two hospitals of Morang district situated in eastern Nepal. Two hundred eighteen women from a public hospital and 109 women from a private hospital (N = 327) with normal vaginal delivery were selected purposively for this study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire based on the Disrespectful and Abusive Scale by Bowser and Hill. All women had experienced at least one type of disrespect and\/or abuse during labor and delivery, most common being non-consented care (100%), non-dignified care (72%), and non-confidential care (66.6%), respectively. Discriminatory care and physical abuse were experienced by 32.33% and 13.23%, respectively. Ethnicity, religion, place of delivery, and numbers of living children were the main predictors of reporting disrespect and abuse. Overall, the occurrence of disrespect and abuse during institutional delivery was found to be very high.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:45:57Z","timestamp":1631483157000},"page":"9612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Women\u2019s Experience of Disrespect and Abuse during Institutional Delivery in Biratnagar, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayani Paudel","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil Kumar","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Department, Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7399-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranab","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5200-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Swahnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, January 19). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.ghdonline.org\/uploads\/Respectful_Care_at_Birth_9-20-101_Final1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azhar, Z., Oyebode, O., and Masud, H. (2018). Disrespect and Abuse during Childbirth in District Gujrat, Pakistan: A Quest for Respectful Maternity Care. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200318"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465215","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1465215","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 experience of disrespect and abuse during maternity care in northern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Gebremichael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.08.015","article-title":"Disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in a low-income country","volume":"128","author":"Okafor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. 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Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9612\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:25Z","timestamp":1760166085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18189612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189612","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]}}}