{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:08:08Z","timestamp":1787861288874,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as well as its treatment with acid-suppressive medications have been considered possible risk factors for the development of asthma, but few studies have disentangled the role of GERD with that of its treatment. The present study aimed at estimating the association of treated and untreated GERD in the first year of life with the risk of asthma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study including all children born between 2004 and 2015 registered in Pedianet, an Italian primary care database. We analyzed the association of children exposed to GERD (both treated and untreated) in the first year of life with the risk of developing clinically assessed asthma (clinical asthma) after 3 years. Secondary outcomes included asthma identified by anti-asthmatic medications (treated asthma) and wheezing after 3 years. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated comparing children with and without GERD, stratifying by treatment with acid-suppressive medications. Results: Out of 86,381 children, 1652 (1.9%) were affected by GERD in the first year of life, of which 871 (53%) were treated with acid-suppressive medications. Compared with controls, children with GERD were at increased risk of clinical asthma (HR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.15\u20131.70). Risks were similar between treated and untreated GERD (p = 0.41). Comparable results were found for treated asthma, but no risk increase was seen for wheezing. Discussion: Early-life GERD was associated with subsequent childhood asthma. Similar risks among children with treated and untreated GERD suggest that acid-suppressive medications are unlikely to play a major role in the development asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1631569032000},"page":"9633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Association of Treated and Untreated Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the First Year of Life with the Subsequent Development of Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3700-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Cantarutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Barbiellini Amidei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Scamarcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pedianet Project, 25138 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Giaquinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, 701 85 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Canova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 26). 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