{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T12:59:09Z","timestamp":1773665949625,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates a total obesity rate of 30% for 12 states and a 20% obesity rate nationwide. The obesity epidemic continues to increase in spite of preventative measures undertaken worldwide. Pharmacological treatments promise to reduce total fat mass. However, medications may have significant side effects and can be potentially fatal. Data Retrieval: This brief review, based on a PUBMED search of the key terms \u201cObesity\u201d and\u201d Sarcopenia,\u201d will present evidence to corroborate the existence of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) in obesity and the involvement of catecholaminergic pathways in substance seeking behavior, particularly as it relates to carbohydrates cravings. Expert Opinion: The genetic basis and future genetic testing of children for risk of aberrant generalized craving behavior are considered a prevention method. Here we present evidence supporting the use of precursor amino acid therapy and modulation of enkephalinase, MOA, and COMT inhibition in key brain regions. Such treatments manifest in improved levels of dopamine\/norepinephrine, GABA, serotonin, and enkephalins. We also present evidence substantiating insulin sensitivity enhancement via Chromium salts, which affect dopamine neuronal synthesis regulation. We believe our unique combination of natural ingredients will influence many pathways leading to the promotion of well-being and normal healthy metabolic functioning. Sarcopenia has been shown to reduce angiogenesis and possible cerebral blood flow. Exercise seems to provide a significant benefit to overcome this obesity-promoting loss of muscle density. Conclusion: Utilization of proposed nutrigenomic formulae based on coupling genetic obesity risk testing promotes generalized anti-craving of carbohydrates and can inhibit carbohydrate bingeing, inducing significant healthy fat loss and relapse prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"9774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hypothesizing Nutrigenomic-Based Precision Anti-Obesity Treatment and Prophylaxis: Should We Be Targeting Sarcopenia Induced Brain Dysfunction?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Science, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Division of Nutrigenomics, Genomic Testing Center Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45377, USA"},{"name":"Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Bonita Springs, FL 34135, USA"},{"name":"The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Division of Ivitalize Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation NY, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Llanos-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Division of Ivitalize Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehan","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Division of Ivitalize Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panayotis K.","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalla","family":"Bowirrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2096-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Bonita Springs, FL 34135, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debasis","family":"Bagchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Bonita Springs, FL 34135, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Braverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation NY, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Science, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Alphonso Kenison","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra D.","family":"Badgaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30200-0","article-title":"Genetics of obesity: What genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications","volume":"3","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulte, E.M., Avena, N.M., and Gearhardt, A.N. (2015). Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load. 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