{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:50:14Z","timestamp":1784595014333,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-distance commute to school caused by urban sprawl and the car-oriented urban construction model are key factors leading to primary\/middle school students being picked up by their parents in cars. Encouraging those students to take rail transit can reduce their dependence on cars. This paper uses a stepwise regression based on rail-transit swipe data to explore the influence of the built environment on rail-transit commuting characteristics in Wuhan, and uses a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of significant influencing variables. The study found that: (1) 60% of students are one-way commuters; (2) 88.6% of students travel less than 10 km; (3) the floor area ratio, bus station density and whether the station is a transfer station have an obvious positive effect on the flow of commuters; (4) whether the station is a departure station has a positive effect on the commuting distance, but the mixed degree of land use and road density have a negative effect on the commuting distance. This research can assist cities in formulating built environment optimization measures and related policies to improve school-age children\u2019s use of rail transit. This is important in the development of child-friendly cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T07:52:14Z","timestamp":1632124334000},"page":"9885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Research on the Impact of the Built Environment on the Characteristics of Metropolis Rail Transit School Commuting\u2014Take Wuhan as an Example"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Planning and Design Survey Research Institute, Guangzhou 510030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Transportation Development Strategy Institute, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803064","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behavior: A review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth","volume":"29","author":"Must","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.244","article-title":"Active Commuting to School and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents the Avena Study","volume":"165","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"132","article-title":"Influence Mechanism of School Commuting Pattern Using Metro Smart Card Data","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transporation Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9131-y","article-title":"The built environment and travel behavior: Making the connection","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766","article-title":"Travel and the Built Environment","volume":"76","author":"Ewing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2016.1249508","article-title":"Travel and the Built Environment: Time for Change","volume":"83","author":"Manville","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2018.04.007","article-title":"Built environment associates of active school travel in New Zealand children and youth: A systematic meta-analysis using individual participant data","volume":"9","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.05.296","article-title":"Enrolling in the Closest School or Not? Implications of School Choice Decisions for Active Transport to School","volume":"5","author":"Mandic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0613-9","article-title":"Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport\u2014An update and new findings on health equity","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105190200109","article-title":"Metrics of Urban Form and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem","volume":"1902","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3141\/1887-05","article-title":"Comparing Transit-Oriented Development Sites by Walkability Indicators","volume":"1887","author":"Schlossberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.08.047","article-title":"Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school","volume":"30","author":"Timperio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.009","article-title":"Built environment correlates of active school transportation: Neighborhood and the modifiable areal unit problem","volume":"20","author":"Mitra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093101","article-title":"Built environment characteristics and parent active transportation are associated with active travel to school in youth age 12\u201315","volume":"48","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-70","article-title":"Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children\u2019s active transport to school: A cross-sectional investigation from the URBAN Study","volume":"11","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.01.002","article-title":"Children\u2019s travel behaviour and its health implications","volume":"26","author":"Mackett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5","article-title":"School travel route measurement and built environment effects in models of children\u2019s school travel behavior","volume":"9","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.10.017","article-title":"Active school transport, physical activity levels and body weight of children and youth: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Faulkner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Increasing car dependency of children: Should we be worried","volume":"151","author":"Mackett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Munic. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.05.002","article-title":"Social and built-environment factors related to children\u2019s independent mobility: The importance of neighbourhood cohesion and connectedness","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ma, J. (2019). Study on the Characteristics of School Commuting Space around the Subway Station from the Perspective of Security. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Suzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9144-6","article-title":"Modeling children\u2019s school travel mode and parental escort decisions","volume":"35","author":"Yarlagadda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"225","article-title":"Students\u2019 Travel Mode Choice Based on Parents\u2019 Travel Mode","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2018.09.006","article-title":"Children\u2019s mode choice for trips to primary school: A case study in German suburbia","volume":"15","author":"Scheiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.04.006","article-title":"U.S. School Travel, 2009 an Assessment of Trends","volume":"41","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.06.012","article-title":"Personal, social and environmental correlates of active transport to school among adolescents in Otago, New Zealand","volume":"18","author":"Mandic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"537","article-title":"Analysis of the Premium of Second-Hand Housing Prices in Surrounding Communities in Middle School Districts: Taking Shenzhen as an Example","volume":"55","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2011.02.001","article-title":"The capitalization of school quality into house values: A review","volume":"20","author":"Yinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hous. Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412204274173","article-title":"Urban form and a child\u2019s trip to school: The current literature and a framework for future research","volume":"19","author":"McMillan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"221","article-title":"Risk Assessment and Influencing Factors of Pupils\u2019 School Commuting Accident Risk in School District Scale","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transporation Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"82","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Effects of Housing Price in Urban School Districts Based on Education Equity: A Case Study of Public Primary School in the Main Urban Area of Nanjing","volume":"39","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00475-0","article-title":"How the built environment affects physical activity\u2014Views from urban planning","volume":"23","author":"Handy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-34","article-title":"Environmental determinants of active travel in youth: A review and framework for future research","volume":"5","author":"Panter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(97)00009-6","article-title":"Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design","volume":"2","author":"Cervero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D-Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-8564(95)00033-X","article-title":"Mixed land-uses and commuting: Evidence from the American housing survey","volume":"30","author":"Cervero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A-Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000210208.63565.73","article-title":"Active commuting to school: Associations with environment and parental concerns","volume":"38","author":"Kerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"807","article-title":"Effects of the built environment on pedestrian communing to work and school: The Hong Kong case, China","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2011.00689.x","article-title":"Effect of Scale on the Links between Walking and Urban Design","volume":"49","author":"Learnihan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3141\/1895-08","article-title":"School Location and Student Travel Analysis of Factors Affecting Mode Choice","volume":"1895","author":"Ewing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.03.027","article-title":"Walking on the safe side: A methodology to assess pavements quality conditions for pedestrian","volume":"45","author":"Moretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.18306\/dlkxjz.2019.11.016","article-title":"Progress of research on influencing factors of CO2 emissions from multi-scale transport","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.040","article-title":"Neighborhood, Route, and School Environments and Children\u2019s Active Commuting","volume":"38","author":"Panter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2423","article-title":"Relationship between built environment of rational pedestrian catchment areas and URT commuting ridership: Evidence from 44 URT stations in Beijing","volume":"73","author":"Lifan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"88","article-title":"Walking Scale of Tod Area along Rail Transit Line","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"City Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.01.005","article-title":"Application of geographically weighted regression to the direct forecasting of transit ridership at station-level","volume":"34","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9885\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:23Z","timestamp":1760166143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18189885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]}}}