{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T05:13:28Z","timestamp":1780722808417,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski National Institute of Cardiology","award":["2.17\/I\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.17\/I\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the tendencies of change in suicide frequency among Polish adults aged 65 or older, recognize the importance of available socio-demographic data (age, sex, marital status, and education attainment level) and provide an in-depth psychological understanding of the obtained results. We analysed the influence of education and marital status on suicide risk in the Polish adult population aged 65 or older, which has not been previously presented in publications related to the Central Statistical Office or any other research. Our results indicated that male adults aged 65 or older that were single or divorced and with a lower education had a higher risk of death by suicide. In female adults aged 65 or older, those with higher education and who were divorced or married had a higher risk of fatal suicide behaviour meanwhile, single women and widows had a lower risk. The dominant method of suicide among Polish older adults was suicide by hanging, regardless of sex; female older adults were more likely to die by suicide by poisoning or jumping from a height, and male older adults were more likely to die by shooting with a firearm. Although data from recent years highlights a downward trend for suicide rates in Polish older adults, the problem cannot be considered solved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"9921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Suicide Risk Factors among Polish Adults Aged 65 or Older in 2000\u20132018 Compared with Selected Countries Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-2988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"\u015amigielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Demography, University of Lodz, 41, Rewolucji 1905 St., 90-214 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski National Institute of Cardiology, 42 Alpejska St., 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Ma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw University, 26\/28 Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie St., 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"The Specialist Family Clinic of Bemowo District in the Capital City of Warsaw, Gen. T. Pe\u0142czy\u0144skiego 28 E. St., 01-471 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Jurczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Specialist Family Clinic of Bemowo District in the Capital City of Warsaw, Gen. T. Pe\u0142czy\u0144skiego 28 E. St., 01-471 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Korczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 41 Rewolucji 1905 St., 90-214 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pu\u0142tusk, Piotra Skargi 23\/29 St., 06-100 Pu\u0142tusk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Cicha-Miko\u0142ajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski National Institute of Cardiology, 42 Alpejska St., 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Piwo\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski National Institute of Cardiology, 42 Alpejska St., 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"\u015amigielska-Kola\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Psychiatric Health Center in Lodz, Babi\u0144ski Hospital, 159 Aleksandrowska St., 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"\u015amigielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, State University of Applied Sciences in Konin, 1 Przyja\u017ani St., 62-510 Konin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Drygas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski National Institute of Cardiology, 42 Alpejska St., 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Tadeusza Ko\u015bciuszki St., 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ga\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Tadeusza Ko\u015bciuszki St., 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, January 02). 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