{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T23:25:29Z","timestamp":1782775529063,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/20498-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/20498-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscle weakness is a secondary motor symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), especially in the subtype characterized by postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD). Since the PIGD subtype also presents worse bradykinesia, we hypothesized that it also shows a decreased rate of force development, which is linked to an increased risk of falling in PD. Therefore, we investigated the effects of PD and PD subtypes on a force production profile and correlated the force production outcomes with clinical symptoms for each PD subtype. We assessed three groups of participants: 14 healthy older adults (OA), 10 people with PD composing the PIGD group, and 14 people with PD composing the tremor-dominant group. Three knee extension maximum voluntary isometric contractions were performed in a leg extension machine equipped with a load cell to assess the force production. The outcome measures were: peak force and rate of force development (RFD) at 50 ms (RFD50), 100 ms (RFD100), and 200 ms (RFD200). We observed lower peak force, RFD50, RFD100, and RFD200 in people with PD, regardless of subtypes, compared with the OA group (p &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons). Together, our results indicated that PD affects the capacity to produce maximal and rapid force. Therefore, future interventions should consider rehabilitation programs for people with PD based on muscle power and fast-force production, and consequently reduce the likelihood of people with PD falling from balance-related events, such as from an unsuccessful attempt to avoid a tripping hazard or a poor and slower stepping response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T20:15:32Z","timestamp":1632514532000},"page":"10044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of Force Production in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Paulo Henrique Silva","family":"Pelicioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"},{"name":"Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Pinto","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Lahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7378-1897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Cezar Rocha","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Teresa Bucken","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.12.4.511","article-title":"Leg-extension strength and chair-rise performance in elderly women with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Ereline","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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