{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:57:59Z","timestamp":1784591879969,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological profiles of violence against children, victims, and their aggressors, and their correlations between socioeconomic and demographic factors analyzed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective observational study based on a review of Individual Notification Forms from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, including child victims of violence, under 18 years, assisted by a pediatric emergency service in Brazil, from 2016\u20132020. Data were stratified, then statistical analysis was performed using the two-proportion equality test and the Chi-square test, with p &lt; 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. A total of 609 notifications were analyzed and a prevalence of sexual violence (63.2%) was reported. The prevalent profile of victim was female (76.7%), aged between 2\u20139 years (38.1%) and 14\u201318 years (35.6%). The violence occurs in the victim\u2019s home (58.9%). The prevalent profile of perpetrator was male (82.4%), young adolescent (59.2%), living as family (64%), mainly the parents (18.4%). No correlation was found between the classified socioeconomic and demographic variables and violence. There was an increase in notifications during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the same period in the previous year; self-harm was reported in 59.7% of physical violence in 2020. Prevalence of sexual violence was higher for females, aged between 2\u20139 and 14\u201318 years, victimized in their homes, by male offenders, living as family, mainly by their parents. No association was found between child violence and the socioeconomic and demographic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1632718533000},"page":"10061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Epidemiological Study of Violence against Children and Its Increase during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4425-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stela Maria Tavolieri","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Service Manager, University Hospital, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13207-450, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1922-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewerton Alexandre","family":"Galdeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelynne Maria Gomes Galv\u00e3o","family":"da Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9316-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Saad","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas Teaching and Research Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphology Department, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo Duarte","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF (2021, April 08). Acci\u00f3n Humanitaria para la Infancia 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/89441\/file\/Accion-humanitaria-para-la-infancia-2021-panorama-general.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, February 15). Global Status Report on Preventing Violence against Children. Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Global-status-report-on-preventing-violence-against-children-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.1408","article-title":"Current view of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence","volume":"81","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00078421","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00078421","article-title":"Prote\u00e7\u00e3o infantil durante a COVID-19: At\u00e9 quando os casos de maus-tratos infantis continuar\u00e3o sendo subnotificados?","volume":"37","author":"Levandowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00140020","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00140020","article-title":"Impacto do distanciamento social nas notifica\u00e7\u00f5es de viol\u00eancia contra crian\u00e7as e adolescentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil","volume":"37","author":"Levandowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-21002010000300018","article-title":"Maus-tratos infantis: Um resgate da hist\u00f3ria e das pol\u00edticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"23","author":"Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paul. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.01.008","article-title":"Individual and contextual factors for the child abuse potential of Croatian mothers: The role of social support in times of economic hardship","volume":"78","author":"Rajter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.3.498","article-title":"Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model","volume":"71","author":"Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.20.05887-9","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on the psychosocial aspect","volume":"72","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020267","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2021\/39\/2020267","article-title":"Violence against children and adolescents: Notification and alert in times of pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Platt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, September 20). The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, Technical Note: Protection of Children during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/65991\/file\/Technical%20note:%20Protection%20of%20children%20during%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20(COVID-19)%20pandemic.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00074420","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00074420","article-title":"Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures","volume":"36","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054002576","article-title":"The effects of sexual violence experienced in childhood and adolescence on undergraduate students","volume":"54","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.01.001","article-title":"Child physical abuse and neglect","volume":"23","author":"Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662885","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.662885","article-title":"COVID-19, lockdown and self-isolation: Evaluation of deliberate self-harm admissions","volume":"12","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2018). An\u00e1lise epidemiol\u00f3gica da viol\u00eancia sexual contra crian\u00e7as e adolescentes no Brasil, 2011 a 2017. Bol. Epidemiol., 49, 1\u201317."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296","article-title":"The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence","volume":"29","author":"Isham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyon-Harris, K.L., Madigan, S., Bronfman, E., Romero, G., and Huth-Bocks, A.C. (2020). Prenatal identification of risk for later disrupted parenting behavior using latent profiles of childhood maltreatment. J. Interpers. Violence, 4.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520906175"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia, E., L\u00f3pez-Qu\u00edlez, A., Marco, M., and Lila, M. (2018). Neighborhood characteristics and violence behind closed doors: The spatial overlap of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198684"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104460","article-title":"Thirty years after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Progress and challenges in building statistical evidence on violence against children","volume":"110","author":"Cappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104757","article-title":"Violence against children during COVID-19: Assessing and understanding change in use of helplines","volume":"116","author":"Petrowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13147","article-title":"Annual research review: Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: Differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience","volume":"61","author":"Coughlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"305","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de los pacientes pedi\u00e1tricos derivados a un equipo de referencia en violencia dom\u00e9stica","volume":"90","author":"Perdomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Urug."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.045","article-title":"Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and suicidal behaviors in adolescents: A four-province study in China","volume":"285","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2021, September 20). VIVA Survey 2017: Surveillance of Violence and Accidents in Urgency and Emergency Sentinel Services. Capitals and Municipalities, Available online: https:\/\/portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2019\/dezembro\/05\/viva-inquerito-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"UNICEF (2021, February 15). Instituto SoudaPaz, Minist\u00e9rio P\u00fablico do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo. An\u00e1lise das Ocorr\u00eancias de Estupro de Vulner\u00e1veis no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo. Available online: http:\/\/soudapaz.org\/o-que-fazemos\/conhecer\/analises-e-estudos\/analises-e-estatisticas\/boletim-sou-da-paz-analisa\/?show=documentos#4484."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198802000-00018","article-title":"Child abuse by burning-an index of suspicion","volume":"28","author":"Purdue","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"621","article-title":"Surge in child abuse, harm during COVID-19 pandemic reported","volume":"324","author":"Kuehn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104776","article-title":"Violence against children in the time of COVID-19: What we have learned, what remains unknown and the opportunities that lie ahead","volume":"116","author":"Fore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:04:46Z","timestamp":1760166286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph181910061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph181910061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]}}}