{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:13:16Z","timestamp":1768295596714,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7\u201364.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T12:29:14Z","timestamp":1632832154000},"page":"10185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Ziuzia-Januszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u015al\u0105czka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaromir","family":"Ciszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Krawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Wierzba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHE Satellite Campus, University of Humanities and Economics, 01-513 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Zaczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","article-title":"Smell dysfunction: A biomarker for COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Moein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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