{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:14:02Z","timestamp":1791458042273,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU17\/01825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/01825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to establish whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training enhances cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, or endurance performance to a greater extent than predefined training while accounting for methodological factors. Methods: We searched Web of Science Core Collection, Pubmed, and Embase databases up to October 2020. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure. Chi-square and the I2 index were used to evaluate the degree of homogeneity. Results: Accounting for methodological factors, HRV-guided training was superior for enhancing vagal-related HRV indices (SMD+ = 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09, 0.91)), but not resting HR (SMD+ = 0.04 (95% CI = \u22120.34, 0.43)). Consistently small but non-significant (p &gt; 0.05) SMDs in favor of HRV-guided training were observed for enhancing maximal aerobic capacity (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = \u22120.07, 0.47)), aerobic capacity at second ventilatory threshold (SMD+ = 0.26 (95% CI = \u22120.05, 0.57)), and endurance performance (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = \u22120.09, 0.48)), versus predefined training. No heterogeneity was found for any of the analyzed aerobic fitness and endurance performance outcomes. Conclusion: Best methodological practices pertaining to HRV index selection, recording position, and approaches for establishing baseline reference values and daily changes (i.e., fixed or rolling HRV averages) require further study. HRV-guided training may be more effective than predefined training for maintaining and improving vagal-mediated HRV, with less likelihood of negative responses. However, if HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training for producing group-level improvements in fitness and performance, current data suggest it is only by a small margin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:03:42Z","timestamp":1632960222000},"page":"10299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Manresa-Rocamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Javaloyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2998-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2291-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Moya-Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002014","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002014","article-title":"Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Block periodization versus traditional training theory: A review","volume":"48","author":"Issurin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0425-5","article-title":"Benefits and Limitations of Block Periodized Training Approaches to Athletes\u2019 Preparation: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Issurin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S446","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00013","article-title":"Individual differences in response to regular physical activity","volume":"33","author":"Bouchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.3.1003","article-title":"Familial aggregation of vo(2max) response to exercise training: Results from the heritage family study","volume":"87","author":"Bouchard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"535","article-title":"Individual differences in the responses to endurance and resistance training","volume":"96","author":"Hautala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Electrophysiology, Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation, 93, 1043\u20131065.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0083-4","article-title":"Cardiac Parasympathetic Reactivation Following Exercise: Implications for Training Prescription","volume":"43","author":"Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000079046.01763.8F","article-title":"The Effect of Age and Gender on Heart Rate Variability after Endurance Training","volume":"35","author":"Carter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01365.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability in prediction of individual adap-tation to endurance training in recreational endurance runners","volume":"23","author":"Vesterinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"424","article-title":"Seasonal Changes in Physical Performance and Heart Rate Variability in High Level Futsal Players","volume":"34","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2354-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effec-tive training? A case comparison","volume":"112","author":"Plews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0196","article-title":"Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity and Race Performance: An Elite Triathlete Case Study","volume":"10","author":"Stanley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.07.002","article-title":"Exercise training-induced modification in autonomic nervous system: An update for car-diac patients","volume":"60","author":"Besnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836486.243","article-title":"Heart rate variability responses to a combined exercise training program: Correla-tion with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness changes in obese young men","volume":"15","author":"Phoemsapthawee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534735420969816","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735420969816","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Adaptations Among Cancer-Survivors Following a 26-Week Exercise Intervention","volume":"19","author":"Grote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003337","article-title":"Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability Vs. Block Periodization in Well-Trained Cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Javaloyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"419","article-title":"Live high\u2013train low guided by daily heart rate variability in elite Nordic-skiers","volume":"118","author":"Schmitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefe Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002001","article-title":"Endurance running training individually guided by hrv in untrained women","volume":"33","author":"Ferraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0122","article-title":"Training Prescription Guided by Heart-Rate Variability in Cycling","volume":"14","author":"Javaloyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181cd5f39","article-title":"Daily Exercise Prescription on the Basis of HR Variability among Men and Women","volume":"42","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0552-2","article-title":"Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements","volume":"101","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"909","article-title":"Effects of HRV-Guided vs. Predetermined Block Training on Performance, HRV and Serum Hormones","volume":"38","author":"Nuuttila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000910","article-title":"Individual Endurance Training Prescription with Heart Rate Variability","volume":"48","author":"Vesterinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granero-Gallegos, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Qu\u00edlez, A., Plews, D., and Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-Based Training for Improving VO2max in Endurance Athletes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217999"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P., and Rothstein, H.R. (2011). Introduction to Meta-Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medellin Ruiz, J.P., Rubio-Arias, J.A., Clemente-Suarez, V.J., and Ramos-Campo, D.J. (2020). Effectiveness of training prescription guided by heart rate variability versus predefined training for physiological and aerobic performance improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238532"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13802","article-title":"Predefined vs data-guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Zinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flatt, A.A., Hornikel, B., Nakamura, F.Y., and Esco, M.R. (2021). Effect of competitive status and experience on heart rate variability profiles in col-legiate sprint-swimmers. J. Strength Cond. Res., Publish Ahead of Print.","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003992"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.013","article-title":"The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality","volume":"74","author":"Thayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000526","article-title":"Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2020","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACSM Health Fit. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012420","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012420","article-title":"Healthy Lifestyle and Cardiac Vagal Modulation Over 10 Years: Whitehall II Cohort Study","volume":"8","author":"Jandackova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315623708","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle and heart rate variability in young adults","volume":"23","author":"Aeschbacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarczok, M.N., Koenig, J., Wittling, A., Fischer, J.E., and Thayer, J.F. (2019). First Evaluation of an Index of Low Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Health Risks in Human Adults: Proof of Concept. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111940"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.12.022","article-title":"Relation of High Heart Rate Variability to Healthy Longevity","volume":"105","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243221","article-title":"Endurance Performance and Nocturnal HRV Indices","volume":"31","author":"Nummela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function","volume":"108","author":"Buchheit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2019.1601666","article-title":"Relationship between resting heart rate variability and intermittent endurance perfor-mance in novice soccer players","volume":"90","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"39","article-title":"Endurance performance relates to resting heart rate and its variability: A case study of a collegiate male cross-country athlete","volume":"22","author":"Flatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Strength Cond."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00977.x","article-title":"Heart rate recovery as a guide to monitor fatigue and predict changes in performance parameters","volume":"20","author":"Lamberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01002","article-title":"A unifying conceptual framework of factors associated to cardiac vagal control","volume":"4","author":"Laborde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The prisma statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The cochrane collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J., and Thomas, J. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984997"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573","article-title":"Reminder: RMSSD and SD1 are identical heart rate variability metrics","volume":"56","author":"Ciccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in me-ta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A.J., and Borenstein, M. (2006). Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"0083","article-title":"Changes in mood state and recovery-stress perception after an HRV-guided running program in untrained women","volume":"29","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. De Psicol. Del Deporte"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajss.20140205.15","article-title":"Effects of an individualized and time based training program on physical fitness and mood states in recreational endurance runners","volume":"2","author":"Hottenrott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.5.2310","article-title":"Important influence of respiration on human r-r interval power spectra is largely ig-nored","volume":"75","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.767947","article-title":"The impact of breathing on HRV measurements: Implications for the longitudinal follow-up of athletes","volume":"13","author":"Saboul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.6.688","article-title":"Evaluating training adaptation with heart-rate measures: A methodological com-parison","volume":"8","author":"Plews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182980125","article-title":"Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes","volume":"45","author":"Higgins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13932","article-title":"Heart rate-based indices to detect parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0455","article-title":"Monitoring Training with Heart-Rate Variability: How Much Compliance Is Needed for Valid Assessment?","volume":"9","author":"Plews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0556","article-title":"Smartphone-Derived Heart-Rate Variability and Training Load in a Women\u2019s Soccer Team","volume":"10","author":"Flatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/32\/11\/S05","article-title":"Non-stationarities significantly distort short-term spectral, symbolic and entropy heart rate variability indices","volume":"32","author":"Magagnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2813","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00490.2004","article-title":"Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: A novel sleep approach","volume":"287","author":"Buchheit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.15.1977","article-title":"Relationship of Heart Rate Variability to Parasympathetic Effect","volume":"103","author":"Goldberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1921","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00433.2004","article-title":"Saturation of high-frequency oscillations of R-R intervals in healthy subjects and patients after acute myocardial infarction during ambulatory conditions","volume":"287","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"508","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of a single bout of exercise on heart rate variability: Comparison between constant and interval training exercises","volume":"92","author":"Mourot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1478-z","article-title":"Intra-Individual Variation of HRV during Orthostatic Challenge in Elite Male Field Hockey Players","volume":"43","author":"Vescovi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002667","article-title":"Influence of Training Models at 3900-m Altitude on the Physiological Response and Performance of a Professional Wheelchair Athlete: A Case Study","volume":"33","author":"Quinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001095","article-title":"Evaluating Individual Training Adaptation with Smartphone-Derived Heart Rate Variability in a Collegiate Female Soccer Team","volume":"30","author":"Flatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.014","article-title":"Effects of varying training load on heart rate variability and running performance among an Olympic rugby sevens team","volume":"22","author":"Flatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003127","article-title":"Effect of Overload and Tapering on Individual Heart Rate Variability, Stress Tolerance, and Intermittent Running Performance in Soccer Players during a Preseason","volume":"33","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0362","article-title":"Ultrashort Versus Criterion Heart Rate Variability among International-Level Girls\u2019 Field Hockey Players","volume":"16","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002910","article-title":"Heart rate variability changes from traditional vs. Ul-tra-short-term recordings in relation to preseason training load and performance in futsal players","volume":"34","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.4.400","article-title":"Cardiac Autonomic Adaptations in Elite Spanish Soccer Players during Preseason","volume":"8","author":"Boullosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.017","article-title":"Heart rate variability and psychometric responses to overload and tapering in collegiate sprint-swimmers","volume":"20","author":"Flatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, L., Regnard, J., Desmarets, M., Mauny, F., Mourot, L., Fouillot, J.-P., Coulmy, N., and Millet, G. (2013). Fatigue Shifts and Scatters Heart Rate Variability in Elite Endurance Athletes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071588"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.009","article-title":"Individual responses to aerobic exercise: The role of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Hautala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0484-2","article-title":"Monitoring Athletic Training Status through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Bellenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005505","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005505","article-title":"Heart rate recovery and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of pro-spective cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tj\u00f8nna, A.E., Leinan, I.M., Bartnes, A.T., Jenssen, B.M., Gibala, M.J., Winett, R.A., and Wisl\u00f8ff, U. (2013). Low- and High-Volume of Intensive Endurance Training Significantly Improves Maximal Oxygen Uptake after 10-Weeks of Training in Healthy Men. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065382"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1080\/026404199365353","article-title":"Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed","volume":"17","author":"Carte","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029060-00001","article-title":"The Effect of Endurance Training on Parameters of Aerobic Fitness","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.12.003","article-title":"Musculoskeletal overuse injuries and heart rate variability: Is there a link?","volume":"87","author":"Gisselman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1770","article-title":"Age, sex, race, initial fitness, and response to training: The HERITAGE Family Study","volume":"90","author":"Skinner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-013-4037-2","article-title":"Individualization of exercise load control for inpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Development and evaluation of a hrv-based intervention program for patients with ischemic heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Behrens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00147.2002","article-title":"Titin is a candidate gene for stroke volume response to endurance training: The HERITAGE Family Study","volume":"15","author":"Rankinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:07:37Z","timestamp":1760166457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph181910299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph181910299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]}}}