{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T19:06:57Z","timestamp":1776798417895,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1200500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1200500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1200502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1200502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"General Administration of Customs, P.R. China","award":["2019HK125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019HK125"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673238."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673238."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Small-scale studies have identified temperature and other meteorological factors as risk factors for human health. However, only a few have quantified the specific impact of meteorological factors on mumps. A quantitative examination of the exposure\u2013response relationship between meteorological factors and mumps is needed to provide new insights for multi-city analysis. Methods: The daily recorded number of mumps cases and meteorological data in 17 cities of Shandong Province from 2009 to 2017 were collected. A two-stage model was built to explore the relationship between meteorological factors and mumps. Results: A total of 104,685 cases of mumps were recorded from 2009 to 2017. After controlling for seasonality and long-term trends, the effect of low temperature on mumps was significant at the provincial level, with a cumulative RR of 1.035 (95%CI: 1.002\u20131.069) with a 1-day lagged effect. The proportion of primary and middle school students was determined as an effect modifier, which had a significant impact on mumps (Stat = 8.374, p = 0.039). There was heterogeneity in the combined effect of temperature on mumps (Q = 95.447, p = 0.000), and its size was I2 = 49.7%. Conclusions: We have identified a non-linear relationship between mumps and temperature in Shandong Province. In particular, low temperatures could bring more cases of mumps, with certain lagged effects. More public health measures should be taken to reduce the risks when temperatures are low, especially for cities with a high proportion of primary and secondary school students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"10359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring the Relationship between Mumps and Meteorological Factors in Shandong Province, China Based on a Two-Stage Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Heze Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heze 274003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, 90 High Holborn, London WC1V 6LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6214-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7771-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiujun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1029687","article-title":"The Association between the Incidence of Mumps and Meteorological Parameters in Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. 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