{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:11:02Z","timestamp":1767211862434,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub funded by the Australian Government\u2019s National En-vironmental Science Program","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limonene is one of the most abundant pollutants indoors, and it contributes to the formation of additional pollutants, such as formaldehyde and photochemical smog. Limonene is commonly used in fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies and air fresheners, which have also been associated with health problems. Limonene can exist in different enantiomeric forms (R-limonene and S-limonene) and be derived from different sources. However, little is known about whether different forms and sources of limonene may have different effects. This research explored whether different types of limonene, at the same concentrations, could elicit different biological effects. To investigate this question, the study employed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which have sophisticated olfactory abilities, in olfactometer tests of repellency\/attraction. The results indicate that a synthetic source of R-limonene is more repellent than a natural source of R-limonene. In addition, synthetic sources of both R-limonene and S-limonene are not significantly different in repellency. These findings can contribute to our understanding and further exploration of the effects of a common fragrance compound on air quality and health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T09:24:04Z","timestamp":1633598644000},"page":"10505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Limonene Emissions: Do Different Types Have Different Biological Effects?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3108-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Nematollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perran A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-7645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ary A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4736-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spas D.","family":"Kolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Steinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.05.033","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds within indoor environments in Australia","volume":"122","author":"Goodman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12201","article-title":"Factors controlling volatile organic compounds in dwellings in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.052","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds: Characteristics, distribution and sources in urban schools","volume":"106","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, L., Su, F.C., and Batterman, S. (2017). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in conventional and high performance school buildings in the US. Int. J. Environ. Res. Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010100"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-015-0327-6","article-title":"Volatile emissions from common consumer products","volume":"8","author":"Steinemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pandemic products and volatile chemical emissions","volume":"27","author":"Steinemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0593-1","article-title":"Volatile Chemical Emissions from Fragranced Baby Products","volume":"11","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00754-0","article-title":"Volatile Chemical Emissions from 134 Common Consumer Products","volume":"12","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.02.040","article-title":"Cleaning products and air fresheners: Exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants","volume":"38","author":"Nazaroff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0524","article-title":"Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00699-4","article-title":"International prevalence of fragrance sensitivity","volume":"12","author":"Steinemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of flavor and fragrance materials","volume":"9","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pract. Anal. Flavor Fragr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07034.x","article-title":"Occurrence and preclusion of terpene chlorohydrins in citrus essential oils","volume":"68","author":"Weiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S. (2019). Chapter 1: Essential oils. Essential Oil Research: Trends in Biosynthesis, Analytics, Industrial Applications and Biotechnological Production, Spinger.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16546-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Technau, G.M. (2008). Chapter 7: The olfactory sensory map in drosophila. Brain Development in Drosophila Melanogaster, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78261-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[515:ARALAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Adult repellency and larvicidal activity of five plant essential oils against mosquitoes","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-283x.2001.00304.x","article-title":"Olfactory memory in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"15","author":"McCall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1071\/EN08003","article-title":"Methylmercury in arctic Alaskan mosquitoes: Implications for impact of atmospheric mercury depletion events","volume":"5","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.10.063","article-title":"Studies on lethal concentrations and toxicity stress of some xenobiotics on aquatic organisms","volume":"55","author":"Farah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60070-1","article-title":"Lead levels of Culex mosquito larvae inhabiting lead utilizing factory","volume":"1","author":"Kitvatanachai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1076\/snfe.31.2.68.13331","article-title":"Mosquitoes as bioindicators of forest degradation in southeastern Brazil, a statistical evaluation of published data in the literature","volume":"31","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2008.007162","article-title":"Preclinical testing on insects predicts human haematotoxic potentials","volume":"43","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. Guidelines for Efficacy Testing of Spatial Repellents, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/78142."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:06Z","timestamp":1760166606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/19\/10505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph181910505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph181910505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]}}}