{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:38:44Z","timestamp":1792226324890,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique","award":["1.B236.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.B236.21"]}]},{"name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique","award":["5\/4\/150\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/4\/150\/5"]}]},{"name":"PregLem via the Fondation Saint-","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine adenomyosis is a common chronic disorder frequently encountered in reproductive-age women, causing heavy menstrual bleeding, intense pelvic pain, and infertility. Despite its high prevalence, its etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood, so there are currently no specific drugs to treat the disease. A number of dysregulated mechanisms are believed to contribute to adenomyosis development and symptoms, including sex steroid signaling, endometrial proliferation and invasiveness, and aberrant immune response. Abnormal sex steroid signaling, particularly hyperestrogenism and subsequent progesterone resistance, are known to play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis, which is why various antiestrogenic agents have been used to manage adenomyosis-related symptoms. Among them, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists are swiftly gaining ground, with recent studies reporting efficient lesion regression and symptom alleviation. The aim of the present review is to compile available information on the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, explore the etiology and mechanisms of hyperestrogenism, and discuss the potential of antiestrogenic therapies for treating the disease and improving patient quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T22:24:13Z","timestamp":1632695053000},"page":"9941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Uterine Adenomyosis: From Disease Pathogenesis to a New Medical Approach Using GnRH Antagonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jacques","family":"Donnez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Recherche Pour l\u2019Infertilit\u00e9, 1150 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Anna","family":"Stratopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche en Gyn\u00e9cologie, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Madeleine","family":"Dolmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche en Gyn\u00e9cologie, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des332","article-title":"How common is adenomyosis? 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