{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:31:21Z","timestamp":1792096281567,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This report discusses the utility of a wearable augmented reality platform in neurosurgery for parasagittal and convexity en plaque meningiomas with bone flap removal and custom-made cranioplasty. Methods: A real patient with en plaque cranial vault meningioma with diffuse and extensive dural involvement, extracranial extension into the calvarium, and homogeneous contrast enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI, was selected for this case study. A patient-specific manikin was designed starting with the segmentation of the patient\u2019s preoperative MRI images to simulate a craniotomy procedure. Surgical planning was performed according to the segmented anatomy, and customized bone flaps were designed accordingly. During the surgical simulation stage, the VOSTARS head-mounted display was used to accurately display the planned craniotomy trajectory over the manikin skull. The precision of the craniotomy was assessed based on the evaluation of previously prepared custom-made bone flaps. Results: A bone flap with a radius 0.5 mm smaller than the radius of an ideal craniotomy fitted perfectly over the performed craniotomy, demonstrating an error of less than \u00b11 mm in the task execution. The results of this laboratory-based experiment suggest that the proposed augmented reality platform helps in simulating convexity en plaque meningioma resection and custom-made cranioplasty, as carefully planned in the preoperative phase. Conclusions: Augmented reality head-mounted displays have the potential to be a useful adjunct in tumor surgical resection, cranial vault lesion craniotomy and also skull base surgery, but more study with large series is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T22:24:13Z","timestamp":1632695053000},"page":"9955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Augmented Reality-Assisted Craniotomy for Parasagittal and Convexity En Plaque Meningiomas and Custom-Made Cranio-Plasty: A Preliminary Laboratory Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Montemurro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5235-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Condino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Cattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx279","article-title":"Smart Glasses for Neurosurgical Navigation by Augmented Reality","volume":"15","author":"Maruyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. 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