{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:42:46Z","timestamp":1784547766418,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by Aristos Campus Mundus Research Projects for the Year 2019 (Ramon Llull University, Deusto University and Georgetown University)","award":["ACM2019_11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACM2019_11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of executive function decline in adults with Down syndrome (DS) is important, because it supports independent functioning in real-world settings. Inhibitory control is posited to be essential for self-regulation and adaptation to daily life activities. However, cognitive domains that most predict the capacity for inhibition in adults with DS have not been identified. The aim of this study was to identify cognitive domains that predict the capacity for inhibition, using novel data-driven techniques in a sample of adults with DS (n = 188; 49.47% men; 33.6 \u00b1 8.8 years old), with low and moderate levels of intellectual disability. Neuropsychological tests, including assessment of memory, attention, language, executive functions, and praxis, were submitted to Random Forest, support vector machine, and logistic regression algorithms for the purpose of predicting inhibition capacity, assessed with the Cats-and-Dogs test. Convergent results from the three algorithms show that the best predictors for inhibition capacity were constructive praxis, verbal memory, immediate memory, planning, and written verbal comprehension. These results suggest the minimum set of neuropsychological assessments and potential intervention targets for individuals with DS and ID, which may optimize potential for independent living.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"10785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Executive Functioning in Adults with Down Syndrome: Machine-Learning-Based Prediction of Inhibitory Capacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Fernando","family":"Jojoa-Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"eVIDA\u2014Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Deusto University, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Signo-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Bego\u00f1a","family":"Garcia-Zapirain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eVIDA\u2014Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Deusto University, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Gimeno-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0539-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaia","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Zorrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eVIDA\u2014Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Deusto University, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan J.","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Molins-Sauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Guerra-Balic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Bruna-Rabassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2210","article-title":"Prevalence of Aging, Dementia, and Multimorbidity in Older Adults With Down Syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Bayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aspectos espec\u00edficos del envejecimiento en el s\u00edndrome de Down","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. 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