{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1787828032898,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioprinting is an emerging additive manufacturing technique which shows an outstanding potential for shaping customized functional substitutes for tissue engineering. Its introduction into the clinical space in order to replace injured organs could ideally overcome the limitations faced with allografts. Presently, even though there have been years of prolific research in the field, there is a wide gap to bridge in order to bring bioprinting from \u201cbench to bedside\u201d. This is due to the fact that bioprinted designs have not yet reached the complexity required for clinical use, nor have clear GMP (good manufacturing practices) rules or precise regulatory guidelines been established. This review provides an overview of some of the most recent and remarkable achievements for skin, heart, pancreas and cartilage bioprinting breakthroughs while highlighting the critical shortcomings for each tissue type which is keeping this technique from becoming widespread reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"10806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Bioprinting Technology in Skin, Heart, Pancreas and Cartilage Tissues: Progress and Challenges in Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Di Piazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifactorial and Complex Disease Research Area, Preventive and Predictive Medicine Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifactorial and Complex Disease Research Area, Preventive and Predictive Medicine Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3478-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Cacciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Niccol\u00f2 Cusano University of Rome, INSTM RU, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Del Fattore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Eugenio","family":"Tozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifactorial and Complex Disease Research Area, Preventive and Predictive Medicine Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Secinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Management and Technological Innovations Area, Department of Imaging, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Borro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Management and Technological Innovations Area, Department of Imaging, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119536","article-title":"Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue\/organ regenerative engineering","volume":"226","author":"Matai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.011","article-title":"3D bioprinting of functional tissue models for personalized drug screening and in vitro disease modeling","volume":"132","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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