{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:44:59Z","timestamp":1789753499899,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We provide a conceptual model on the complex interaction between stress, psychological predisposition, and personality traits, accounting for gender, in parents of children with and without autism. We performed a path analysis using a structural equation modeling approach in a sample of parents including 60 ASD and 53 TD couples. In parents of typically developing children (TD), depression level and age are the main direct predictors of stress through the mediating effect of anxiety. Otherwise, in the ASD parent group, the personality trait \u2018openness\u2019 directly predicts the defensive response and stress levels without the mediating effect of anxiety. Our data suggest a route of action in promoting new behavioral strategies to prevent parenting stress, making families run smoothly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:13:32Z","timestamp":1634512412000},"page":"10887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Route of Stress in Parents of Young Children with and without Autism: A Path-Analysis Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8022-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cerasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"S. Anna Institute and Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), 88900 Crotone, Italy"},{"name":"Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Servidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultures, Education and Society, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Costabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultures, Education and Society, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Isabella","family":"Fam\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letteria","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Scifo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Child Psychiatry Unit, Provincial Health Service of Catania (ASP CT), 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Baieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Child Psychiatry Unit, Provincial Health Service of Catania (ASP CT), 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Tartarisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Vagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pioggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Ruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.03.001","article-title":"Developmental trajectories in adolescents and adults with autism: The case of daily living skills","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2463","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of symptom severity and adaptive functioning in an inception cohort of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"72","author":"Szatmari","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1601","article-title":"Six developmental trajectories characterize children with autism","volume":"129","author":"Fountain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386495-6.00002-3","article-title":"\u201cDiagnose me please!\u201d: A review of research about the journey and initial impact of parents seeking a diagnosis of developmental disability for their child","volume":"41","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2003.00485.x","article-title":"Child behaviour problems and partner mental health as correlates of stress in mothers and fathers of children with autism","volume":"47","author":"Hastings","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1604-y","article-title":"The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"43","author":"Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2015.1116030","article-title":"Stress and parents of children with autism: A review of literature","volume":"37","author":"Bonis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2178-7","article-title":"Stress and family quality of life in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Parent gender and the double ABCX model","volume":"44","author":"McStay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-015-9446-0","article-title":"Psychological adjustment in families affected by autism spectrum disorder","volume":"27","author":"Whitehead","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"146","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"19","author":"Celestino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabilit."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"121","article-title":"Prevalence of maternal affective disorders in Chinese mothers of preschool children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"East. Asian Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357609338715","article-title":"Parenting stress and closeness: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"194","article-title":"Stress levels and adaptability in parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders","volume":"30","author":"Stahmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Pers. Sev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.2008.00437.x","article-title":"Factors contributing to stress in parents of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders","volume":"22","author":"Tehee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2006.00085.x","article-title":"Family quality of life when there is a child with a developmental disability","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Policy Pract. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X20910192","article-title":"Parental stress and resilience in autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0491-0","article-title":"Children with autism: Quality of life and parental concerns","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2005.00699.x","article-title":"Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being","volume":"49","author":"Eisenhower","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"233","article-title":"Family quality of life of Turkish families who have children with intellectual disabilities and autism","volume":"38","author":"Meral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Pers. Sev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.016","article-title":"Parenting stress among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"242","author":"Craig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815579705","article-title":"Parental Stress in Families of Children with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities","volume":"30","author":"Lawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024409","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of adaptability on behavior problems and maternal depression in families of adolescents with autism","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0555-9","article-title":"Social anxiety in high-functioning children and adolescents with Autism and Asperger syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Kuusikko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307083258","article-title":"Locus of control fails to mediate between stress and anxiety and depression in parents of children with a developmental disorder","volume":"11","author":"Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1152552","article-title":"Spillover of marital interactions and parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"47","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000527","article-title":"Actor-partner examination of daily parenting stress and couple interactions in the context of child autism","volume":"33","author":"Goetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04103-z","article-title":"The mediating role of parenting stress in the relations between parental emotion regulation and parenting behaviors in Chinese families of children with autism spectrum disorders: A dyadic analysis","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357609350367","article-title":"Sibling adjustment and maternal well-being: An examination of families with and without a child with an autism spectrum disorder","volume":"25","author":"Quintero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3448-y","article-title":"Social support as mediator and moderator of the relationship between parenting stress and life satisfaction among the Chinese parents of children with ASD","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-22","article-title":"Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder","volume":"5","author":"Mugno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357609347371","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of parents of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00334.x","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: A meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-010-9218-9","article-title":"Increased psychopathology in parents of children with autism: Genetic liability or burden of caregiving?","volume":"23","author":"Hodge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319844636","article-title":"Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"24","author":"Schnabel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30612","article-title":"Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple-and single-incidence autism families","volume":"147","author":"Losh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.185","article-title":"Broader autism phenotype: Evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families","volume":"154","author":"Piven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361304040636","article-title":"The broad autism phenotype: Findings from an epidemiological survey","volume":"8","author":"Micali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1026-3","article-title":"Broader autism phenotype in parents of children with autism: A systematic review of percentage estimates","volume":"27","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.04.003","article-title":"Are autistic traits an independent personality dimension? A study of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and the NEO-PI-R","volume":"41","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002949","article-title":"Personality traits of the relatives of autistic probands","volume":"30","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320984625","article-title":"Mental health, broad autism phenotype and psychological inflexibility in mothers of young children with autism spectrum disorder in Australia: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"25","author":"Kulasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.04.022","article-title":"Personality correlates of the broader autism phenotype as assessed by the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)","volume":"38","author":"Austin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.04.017","article-title":"The relationship between the broader autism phenotype, child severity, and stress and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Ingersoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.170","article-title":"Increased rates of depressed mood in mothers of children with ASD associated with the presence of the broader autism phenotype","volume":"4","author":"Ingersoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2189-4","article-title":"The factors predicting stress, anxiety and depression in the parents of children with autism","volume":"44","author":"Falk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S107103","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Oman: A case\u2013control study","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2007)112[450:POPNII]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Predictors of perceived negative impact in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"112","author":"Bishop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0512-z","article-title":"Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0632-0","article-title":"Anger, stress proliferation, and depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: A longitudinal replication","volume":"39","author":"Benson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-115.3.234","article-title":"Autism symptom topography and maternal socioemotional functioning","volume":"115","author":"Ekas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361304047224","article-title":"Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders: Social support, mental health status and satisfaction with services","volume":"8","author":"Bromley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3109\/01460862.2011.555270","article-title":"The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping","volume":"34","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01058151","article-title":"Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism","volume":"22","author":"Koegel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901814010143","article-title":"Parental Burden and its Correlates in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Multicentre Study with Two Comparison Groups","volume":"14","author":"Picardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Abidin, R.R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D. (1983). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/t06496-000"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., and Brown, G. (2021, August 16). Beck Depression Inventory\u2013II, Psychological Assessment, Available online: https:\/\/www.nctsn.org\/measures\/beck-depression-inventory-second-edition."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sica, C., and Ghisi, M. (2007). The Italian Versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric Properties and Discriminant Power, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., and Borgogni, L. (2000). BFQ: Big Five Questionnaire. Organizzazioni Speciali, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022100031004002","article-title":"Multivariate methods for the comparison of factor structures in cross-cultural research: An illustration with the Big Five Questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"Caprara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u2013Second Edition (WASI-II), NCS Pearson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (2014). Mplus (Version 7.2) [Computer Software], Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modeling A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1269606","article-title":"Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Structural Equation Models for Continuous Data: Standard Errors and Goodness of Fit","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modeling A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x","article-title":"Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2263-y","article-title":"Parenting stress, salivary biomarkers, and ambulatory blood pressure: A comparison between mothers and fathers of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Foody","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04874-4","article-title":"High Depression Symptoms and Burnout Levels Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional, Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"51","author":"Tufan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Renzo, M., Guerriero, V., Petrillo, M., and Bianchi di Castelbianco, F. (2021). What is Parental Stress Connected to in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Implications for Parents\u2019 Interventions. J. Fam. Issues.","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X211030735"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"41","article-title":"Personality characteristics and neurocognitive functions in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2009.00188.x","article-title":"Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Phetrasuwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.07.001","article-title":"Parenting dimensions in mothers and fathers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Ozturk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493515598644","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Iranian mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"20","author":"Kousha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Health Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00929.x","article-title":"Personality, coping style and well-being of parents rearing children with developmental disabilities","volume":"50","author":"Glidden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/20\/10887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:16:14Z","timestamp":1760166974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/20\/10887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182010887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182010887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]}}}