{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1777363679783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flat back syndrome (FBS) is a sagittal imbalance wherein the normal spinal curvature is reduced. This study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise programs on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar muscles, lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), lumbar disability, and flexibility in patients with FBS. Thirty-six females with flexible FBS were randomly allocated to the corrective exercise group (CEG, n = 12), resistance exercise group (REG, n = 12), and physical therapy group (PTG, n = 12). CEG and REG patients participated in a 12-week exercise intervention for 60 min three times per week. The CSA, LLA, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and sit-and-reach test were measured before and after intervention. CSA showed a significant difference between groups (p &lt; 0.01), with CEG and REG demonstrating a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). LLA showed a significant difference between groups (p &lt; 0.001); CEG showed a higher increase than did REG (p &lt; 0.01) and PTG (p &lt; 0.001). ODI also showed a significant difference between groups (p &lt; 0.001), being lower in CEG than in REG (p &lt; 0.001) and PTG (p &lt; 0.001). Lumbar flexibility significantly improved in all groups, albeit with a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). Although corrective and resistance exercise programs effectively improve these parameters, corrective exercise is superior to other interventions for patients with FBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T13:45:17Z","timestamp":1634564717000},"page":"10923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Different Exercise Types on the Cross-Sectional Area and Lumbar Lordosis Angle in Patients with Flat Back Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Moon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju-si 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Gon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, 81, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation, Osan University, 45, Cheonghak-ro, Osan-si 18119, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Su","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Center, Sunsoochon Hospital, 76, Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05556, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyang Daehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.1131","article-title":"Non-operative corrective of flat back syndrome using lumbar extension traction: A CBP\u00ae case series of two","volume":"30","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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