{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:20:39Z","timestamp":1790648439104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York","award":["2-2011-153, 10-2006-792 and 3-2004-195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-2011-153, 10-2006-792 and 3-2004-195"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30DK12146101A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30DK12146101A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Development of complications in type 1 diabetes patients can be reduced by modifying risk factors. We used a cross-sectional cohort of 1646 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to develop a clinical risk score for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), autonomic neuropathy (AN), retinopathy (DR), and nephropathy (DN). Of these patients, 199 (12.1%) had DPN, 63 (3.8%) had AN, 244 (14.9%) had DR, and 88 (5.4%) had DN. We selected five variables to include in each of the four microvascular complications risk models: age, age of T1D diagnosis, duration of T1D, and average systolic blood pressure and HbA1C over the last three clinic visits. These variables were selected for their strong evidence of association with diabetic complications in the literature and because they are modifiable risk factors. We found the optimism-corrected R2 and Harrell\u2019s C statistic were 0.39 and 0.87 for DPN, 0.24 and 0.86 for AN, 0.49 and 0.91 for DR, and 0.22 and 0.83 for DN, respectively. This tool was built to help inform patients of their current risk of microvascular complications and to motivate patients to control their HbA1c and systolic blood pressure in order to reduce their risk of these complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:22:02Z","timestamp":1634862122000},"page":"11094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["T1DMicro: A Clinical Risk Calculator for Type 1 Diabetes Related Microvascular Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Minh Huy","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn Kim Hoang","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin Satter","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Diabetes Associates, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Chip","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes, Atlanta, GA 30076, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Xiong","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0385-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharad","family":"Purohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Undergraduate Health Professionals, Augusta University, 1120, 15th Str., Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306103282306","article-title":"Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"328","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. 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