{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:16:56Z","timestamp":1791263816429,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the retrospective analysis of the medical documentation of 101 patients was to assess the incidence, etiology, and type of craniofacial fractures in the elderly population of southern Poland, who required specialist treatment at the Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, in the period 2010\u20132019. Patients were divided into 3 age groups: 65\u201374, 75\u201384, and 85 and older. The following was noted: age, sex, place of residence, education, cause and location of fracture, treatment, injuries and comorbidities, complications, alcohol and other drugs at the time of injury, and the period of hospitalization. The dominant group were patients aged 65\u201374 (72.28%), mainly males (56.44%). The main cause was fall (47.52%). The fractures involved mainly the mandible and the zygomaticomaxillary complex. Over half of patients (50.50%) lived in the countryside or small towns. Work tool-related accidents prevailed among geriatric patients living in small towns and rural areas. Craniofacial fractures were additionally accompanied by common complications regarding the organ of vision. Further studies analyzing factors leading to increased risk of craniofacial injuries in the elderly of the rural population will enable proper support programs, prophylaxis, and principles concerning agricultural activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"11219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fractures of the Craniofacial Skeleton in the Elderly: Retrospective Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Michalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Wyszy\u0144ska-Pawelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Szuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Hajto-Bryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Zapa\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna Katarzyna","family":"Zarzecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.10.018","article-title":"Epidemiology and recent trends of geriatric fractures presenting to the emergency department for United States population from year 2004\u20132014","volume":"142","author":"Baidwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.11.022","article-title":"Impact of trauma and surgical treatment on the quality of life of patients with facial fractures","volume":"45","author":"Conforte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.07.012","article-title":"The association between depression and anxiety disorders following facial trauma\u2014A comparative study","volume":"41","author":"Islam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.20551","article-title":"Analysis of 126 hospitalized elder maxillofacial trauma victims in central China","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.06.015","article-title":"Facial trauma as physical violence markers against elderly Brazilians: A comparative analysis between genders","volume":"67","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.03.010","article-title":"Is age of the patient an independent predictor influencing the management of cranio-maxillo-facial trauma? A retrospective study of 308 patients","volume":"117","author":"Imholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0332","article-title":"Recreational activity and facial trauma among older adults","volume":"19","author":"Plawecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475800.15221.cd","article-title":"Defining Population-Specific Craniofacial Fracture Patterns and Resource Use in Geriatric Patients: A Comparative Study of Blunt Craniofacial Fractures in Geriatric versus Nongeriatric Adult Patients","volume":"137","author":"Mundinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1364347","article-title":"Experiences of ageism and the mental health of older adults","volume":"22","author":"Lyons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021, August 05). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"G\u0142\u00f3wny Urz\u0105d Statystyczny (2021, August 05). Jako\u015b\u0107 \u017bycia Os\u00f3b Starszych w Polsce-Na Podstawie Wynik\u00f3w Badania Sp\u00f3jno\u015bci Spo\u0142ecznej 2015, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/files\/gfx\/portalinformacyjny\/pl\/defaultaktualnosci\/5486\/26\/1\/1\/jakosc_zycia_osob_starszych_w_polsce.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12459","article-title":"Epidemiology of facial fractures among older adults: A retrospective analysis of a nationwide emergency department database","volume":"35","author":"Marchini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26111","article-title":"Forgetful but not forgotten: Bathroom-related craniofacial trauma among the elderly","volume":"127","author":"Hanba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.01.001","article-title":"Impact of implant-supported prostheses on nutritional status and oral health perception in edentulous patients","volume":"18","author":"Moukaddem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2007.00189.x","article-title":"A prospective study on elderly patients with facial fractures in a developing country","volume":"25","author":"Royan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2019.09.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly: A European multicenter study","volume":"121","author":"Brucoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.015354","article-title":"Hospitalized head injuries among older people in Australia, 1998\/1999 to 2004\/2005","volume":"13","author":"Jamieson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00561.x","article-title":"Facial trauma in geriatric patients in a selected Malaysian hospital","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824cd383","article-title":"Risk factors for death in elderly patients with facial fractures secondary to falls","volume":"23","author":"Deleyiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloss, F.R., Tuli, T., Hachl, O., Laimer, K., Jank, S., Stempfl, K., Rasse, M., and Gassner, R. (2007). The impact ofageing on cranio-maxillofacial trauma\u2014A comparative investigation. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 1158\u20131163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2007.07.009"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e695","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006612","article-title":"Maxillofacial Trauma in Geriatric Population","volume":"31","author":"Yazici","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12410","article-title":"Changing trends in epidemiology and management of facial trauma in a Swiss geriatric population","volume":"36","author":"Burkhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.08.015","article-title":"Defining predictable patterns of craniomaxillofacial injury in the elderly: Analysis of 1,047 patients","volume":"72","author":"Zelken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-014-1124-1","article-title":"Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly: Lessons from REPOSI","volume":"9","author":"Mannucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health-related quality of life among elderly individuals living alone in an urban area of Shaanxi Province, China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002674","article-title":"Maxillofacial traumas in farmers caused by farm animals, agricultural vehicles, and materials","volume":"27","author":"Cakabay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.02.001","article-title":"Among Patients With Facial Fractures, Geriatric Patients Have an Increased Risk for Associated Injuries","volume":"74","author":"Toivari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:39Z","timestamp":1760167419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182111219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}}}