{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:36:10Z","timestamp":1789518970097,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Purpose: Over the last two decades, malaria has remained a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries leading to high morbidity and mortality among children. Nigeria is the world most burdened malaria endemic nation, contributing more than a quarter of global malaria cases. This study determined the prevalence of malaria among children at 6\u201359 months in Nigeria, and the effects of individual and contextual factors. Methods: This study utilized data from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) involving a weighted sample size of 10,185 children who were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Given the hierarchical structure of the data set, such that children at Level-1 were nested in communities at Level-2, and nested in states and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) at Level-3, multilevel mixed effect logistic regression models were used for the analysis. Results: The proportion of children 6\u201359 months of age in Nigeria that had malaria fever positive as assessed by RDTs was 35.5% (3418\/10,185), (CI: 33.9\u201337.1). Kebbi State had 77.7%, (CI: 70.2\u201383.5), which was the highest proportion of 6\u201359 months who were malaria positive, next in line was Katsina State with 55.5%, (CI: 47.7\u201363.1). The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja had the proportion of 29.6%, (CI: 21.6\u201339.0), malaria positive children of 6\u201359 months of age. Children between the age of 48 and 59 months were 2.68 times more likely to have malaria fever than children of ages 6\u201311 months (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 2.03\u20133.54). In addition, children from the rural area (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.75\u20132.57), were more likely to suffer from malaria infection compared to children from urban area. Conclusion: The study identified some individual and contextual predictors of malaria among children in Nigeria. These factors identified in this study are potential areas that need to be considered for policy designs and implementations toward control and total elimination of malaria-related morbidity and mortality among children in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"11234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with Malaria among Children 6\u201359 Months in Nigeria: A Multilevel Mixed Effect Logistic Model Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6998-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillips Edomwonyi","family":"Obasohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK"},{"name":"Department of Liberal Studies, College of Administrative and Business Studies, Niger State Polytechnic, Bida Campus, Bida 912231, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6710-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8755-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Khatab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obasohan, P.E., Walters, S.J., Jacques, R., and Khatab, K. 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