{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:02Z","timestamp":1760236142520,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Muscle soreness after a competition or a training session has been a concern of runners due to its harmful effect on performance. It is not known if stronger individuals present a lower level of muscle soreness after a strenuous physical effort. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pre-race muscle strength or the V\u02d9O2max level can predict muscle soreness 24, 48 and 72 h after a full marathon in men. Methods: Thirty-one marathon runners participated in this study (age, 40.8 \u00b1 8.8 years old; weight, 74.3 \u00b1 10.4 kg; height, 174.2 \u00b1 7.6 cm; maximum oxygen uptake, V\u02d9O2max, 57.7 \u00b1 6.8 mL\/kg\/min). The isokinetic strength test for thigh muscles and the V\u02d9O2max level was performed 15\u201330 days before the marathon and the participants were evaluated for the subjective feeling of soreness before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the marathon. Results: The participants presented more pain 24 h after the race (median = 3, IQR = 1) than before it (median = 0, IQR = 0) (p &lt; 0.001), and the strength values for the knee extensor muscles were significantly associated with muscle soreness assessed 24 h after the race (p = 0.028), but not 48 (p = 0.990) or 72 h (p = 0.416) after the race. The V\u02d9O2max level was not associated with the muscle pain level at any moment after the marathon. Conclusions: Marathon runners who presented higher muscular strength for the knee extensor muscles presented lower muscle soreness 24 h after the race, but not after 48 h or 72 h after the race. Therefore, the muscle soreness level 3 days after a marathon race does not depend on muscle strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"11258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Muscle Strength on Marathon Race-Induced Muscle Soreness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia Santos","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Ribeiro Lopes","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Luiz","family":"Vancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8030-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis Theodoros","family":"Nikolaidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Lacerda","family":"Bachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), S\u00e3o Paulo 04829-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Seffrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Andre Barbosa","family":"de Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). ARRS\u2014Homepage. Available online: https:\/\/arrs.run\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2020.03.001","article-title":"Relationship between early-onset muscle soreness and indirect muscle damage markers and their dynamics after a full marathon","volume":"18","author":"Tokinoya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006816123601","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle injury: A calpain hypothesis","volume":"179","author":"Belcastro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000469","article-title":"Influence of Compression Garments on Recovery After Marathon Running","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"153","article-title":"Recovery following a marathon: A comparison of cold water immersion, whole body cryotherapy and a placebo control","volume":"118","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Running Economy in Humans","volume":"2013","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on the blood lactate response to incremental exercise in humans","volume":"77","author":"Gleeson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.06.008","article-title":"Time-course of recovery of peak oxygen uptake after exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"216","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-6-14","article-title":"BounceBack\u2122 capsules for reduction of DOMS after eccentric exercise: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Udani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272268","article-title":"Physiological limits to endurance exercise performance: Influence of sex","volume":"595","author":"Joyner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.009","article-title":"Muscle Soreness and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x","article-title":"Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: Mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications","volume":"537","author":"Proske","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.02.014","article-title":"Benefits of dietary phytochemical supplementation on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage: Is including antioxidants enough?","volume":"31","author":"Panza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"16","article-title":"Herbs and natural supplements in the prevention and treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness","volume":"7","author":"Meamarbashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b8497","article-title":"Neuromuscular Fatigue and Recovery in Elite Female Soccer","volume":"40","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.11.008","article-title":"Mechanisms underpinning protection against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by ischemic preconditioning","volume":"98","author":"Franz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7362.468","article-title":"Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: Systematic review","volume":"325","author":"Herbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"392","article-title":"Effect of Compression Garments on the Development of Edema and Soreness in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)","volume":"17","author":"Heiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00747","article-title":"Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.996914","article-title":"Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated sprinting","volume":"33","author":"Leeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410310001641584","article-title":"The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiewelhove, T., Schneider, C., D\u00f6weling, A., Hanakam, F., Rasche, C., Meyer, T., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M., and Ferrauti, A. (2018). Effects of different recovery strategies following a half-marathon on fatigue markers in recreational runners. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207313"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"813","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update","volume":"40","author":"Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019). Issue Information-Declaration of Helsinki. J. Bone Miner. Res., 34, BMi\u2013BMii."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001891","article-title":"Physiological Factors Associated with Declining Repeated Sprint Performance in Hypoxia","volume":"33","author":"Gatterer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001258","article-title":"Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training Followed by Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Aerobic Capacity of Long Distance Runners","volume":"30","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"697","article-title":"The effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness","volume":"21","author":"Vaile","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, M.S., Silva, W.A., de Lira, C.A., Mascarin, N.C., Vancini, R.L., Nikolaidis, P.T., and Knechtle, B. (2021). Isokinetic Muscular Strength and Aerobic Physical Fitness in Recreational Long-Distance Runners. J. Strength Cond. Res.","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003837"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seffrin, A., De Lira, C.A., Nikolaidis, P.T., Knechtle, B., and Andrade, M.S. (2021). Age-related performance determinants of young swimmers in 100- and 400-m events. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness.","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.12045-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000752","article-title":"Stretch-Induced Reductions in Throwing Performance Are Attenuated by Warm-up Before Exercise","volume":"29","author":"Mascarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"865","article-title":"The VO 2max plateau is not associated with the anaerobic capacity in physically active subjects","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Educ. F\u00edsica Esporte"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"175","article-title":"Heart rate response during a simulated Olympic boxing match is predominantly above ventilatory threshold 2: A cross sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Vancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419608727717","article-title":"A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge Academic. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp. Version 21.0."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90037-0","article-title":"Muscle fiber necrosis associated with human marathon runners","volume":"59","author":"Hikida","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Navarro, I., Montoya-Vieco, A., Hernando, C., Panizo, N., and Collado, E. (2021). The week after running a marathon: Effects of running vs elliptical training vs resting on neuromuscular performance and muscle damage recovery. Eur. J. Sport Sci., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1857441"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"331","article-title":"Skeletal muscle injury and repair in marathon runners after competition","volume":"118","author":"Warhol","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.6.1668","article-title":"Effect of a 42.2-km footrace and subsequent rest or exercise on muscular strength and work capacity","volume":"57","author":"Sherman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"782","article-title":"Changes in serum creatine kinase, leg muscle tightness, and delayed onset muscle soreness after a full marathon race","volume":"56","author":"Tojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.10.557","article-title":"Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their Contribution to Injury, Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sport","volume":"33","author":"LaStayo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2013.0400351","article-title":"Aging, Functional Capacity and Eccentric Exercise Training","volume":"4","author":"Gault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318222edf3","article-title":"Human Muscle Proteome Modifications after Acute or Repeated Eccentric Exercises","volume":"43","author":"Hody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans","volume":"81","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"431","article-title":"The Effect of Training Status on the Serum Creatine Kinase Response, Soreness and Muscle Function Following Resistance Exercise","volume":"28","author":"Vincent","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endosc. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"29","article-title":"The effects of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48 h later","volume":"90","author":"Braun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052100","article-title":"Vibration therapy reduces plasma IL6 and muscle soreness after downhill running","volume":"44","author":"Broadbent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00518.2016","article-title":"A single dose of histamine-receptor antagonists before downhill running alters markers of muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness","volume":"122","author":"Ely","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:25Z","timestamp":1760167465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182111258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]}}}