{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:34:50Z","timestamp":1787870090802,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. There is currently considerable public policy and regulatory interest in the nature and prevalence of underage gambling. Research in this area has purported to show that adolescents are at elevated risk of problem gambling and that early exposure to gambling or gambling-like activities could be a potential precursor to future harm. Method. In this commentary, we provide a critical appraisal of these arguments with reference to major studies in the field of gambling studies. It is argued that adolescent gambling research is a contentious area. Some questions remain concerning the validity of adolescent problem gambling measures, the strength of the association between adolescent and adult gambling and the impact of simulated gambling activities. Results. The paper summarises the conceptual and methodological issues that should be considered and addressed in future studies to strengthen the validity of research in this area. Conclusion. The paper encourages the greater use of harm-based measures, longitudinal and individual-level transition analyses and questions that capture the influence of activities rather than just their temporal sequencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1635805294000},"page":"11482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Contentious Issues and Future Directions in Adolescent Gambling Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Delfabbro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-016-0105-z","article-title":"Adolescent gambling and problem gambling: Prevalence, current issues and concerns","volume":"3","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023068925328","article-title":"Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with problem gambling","volume":"14","author":"Derevensky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009485031719","article-title":"Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: A comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions","volume":"16","author":"Derevensky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derevensky, J.L., Shek, D.T.L., and Merrick, J. (2011). An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies. Youth Gambling: The Hidden Addiction, DeGruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110255690"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9499-9","article-title":"Beliefs and attitudes of mental health professionals with respect to gambling and other high risk behaviors in schools","volume":"12","author":"Temcheff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9627-5","article-title":"Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: A systematic review of recent research","volume":"33","author":"Calado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1971(03)00013-7","article-title":"The social determinants of gambling in South Australian adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9562-1","article-title":"Unhealthy gambling amongst New Zealand secondary school students: An exploration of risk and protective factors","volume":"14","author":"Rossen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539174","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature","volume":"12","author":"Shaffer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"UK Gambling Commission (2018). Young People and Gambling 2018: A Research Study among 11\u201316 Year Olds in Great Britain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12599","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of at-risk\/problem gambling: The moderating role of parenting practices","volume":"26","author":"Dowling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.09.003","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of problem gambling: The mediating role of offspring gambling expectancies and motives","volume":"77","author":"Dowling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1311874","article-title":"Factors associated with adolescent online and land-based gambling in Canada","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elton-Marshall, T., Leatherdale, S.T., and Turner, N.E. (2016). An examination of internet and land-based gambling among adolescents in three Canadian provinces: Results from the youth gambling survey (YGS). BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2933-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.020","article-title":"Impact of Internet gambling on problem gambling among adolescents in Italy: Findings from a large nationally representative survey","volume":"57","author":"Canale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-010-9280-7","article-title":"Internet gambling and problem gambling among 13 to 18 year old adolescents in Iceland","volume":"9","author":"Olason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2014.890634","article-title":"A taxonomy of gambling and casino games via social media and other online technologies","volume":"14","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0360-1","article-title":"Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling","volume":"2","author":"Drummond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.07.017","article-title":"Unfair play? Video games as exploitative monetized services: An examination of game patents from a consumer protection perspective","volume":"101","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14286","article-title":"Predatory monetization features in video games (e.g., \u2018loot boxes\u2019) and Internet gaming disorder","volume":"113","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.048","article-title":"Simulated gambling via digital and social media in adolescence: An emerging problem","volume":"31","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190049","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190049","article-title":"Adolescents and loot boxes: Links with problem gambling and motivations for purchase","volume":"6","author":"Zendle","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026379910094","article-title":"Prevalence rates of youth gambling problems: Are the current rates inflated?","volume":"19","author":"Derevensky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01014653","article-title":"Measuring pathological gambling in children: The case of fruit machines in the UK","volume":"8","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01015923","article-title":"Gambling and pathological gambling in adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Fisher","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359909004403","article-title":"A prevalence study of gambling and problem gambling in British adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Volberg, R.A., and Moore, W.L. (1999). Gambling and Problem Gambling among Washington State Adolescents: A Replication Study, 1993 to 1999, Washington State Lottery."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01014628","article-title":"Patterns and characteristics of adolescent gambling","volume":"9","author":"Winters","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Wynne, H., Smith, G., and Jacobs, D. (1996). Adolescent Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta, Wynne Resources Ltd.. A Report Prepared for the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Essau, C. (2008). Gambling practices among youth: Etiology, prevention and treatment. Adolescent Addiction: Epidemiology, Assessment and Treatment, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024979232287","article-title":"Gambling activities of young Australians: Developing a model of behavior","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is there a continuum of behavioural dependence in problem gambling? Evidence from 15 years of Australian prevalence research","volume":"8","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0254-6","article-title":"Young people\u2019s awareness of the timing and placement of gambling advertising on traditional and social media platforms: A study of 11\u201316-year-olds in Australia","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9384-7","article-title":"From adolescent to adult gambling: An analysis of longitudinal gambling patterns in South Australia","volume":"30","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009437115789","article-title":"Developing the DSM-IV Criteria to Identify Adolescent Problem Gambling in Non-Clinical Populations","volume":"16","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014584213557","article-title":"An assessment of the validity and reliability of the SOGS-RA","volume":"18","author":"Poulin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Tremblay, J., Stinchfield, R., Wiebe, J., and Wynne, H. (2021, August 21). Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI): Phase III Final Report. Canadian Consortium on Gambling Research (CCGR). Available online: http:\/\/www.ccgr.ca\/en\/projects\/canadian-adolescent-gambling-inventory--cagi-.aspx."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00311-1","article-title":"Adolescent land-based and online gambling: Australian and international prevalence rates and measurement issues","volume":"7","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009443516329","article-title":"Is the SOGS an accurate measure of pathological gambling among children, adolescents and adults?","volume":"16","author":"Ladouceur","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lambos, C., Delfabbro, P.H., Pulgies, S., and Department for Education and Children\u2019s Services, Adelaide (2021, September 10). Adolescent gambling in South Australia, Report Prepared for the Independent Gambling Authority of South Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Paul-Delfabbro\/publication\/242769067_Adolescent_Gambling_in_South_Australia\/links\/0c9605293bbe4e8574000000\/Adolescent-Gambling-in-South-Australia.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1298(199811\/12)8:6<423::AID-CASP499>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Adolescent gambling and drug use","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1996.0009","article-title":"Adolescent machine gambling and crime","volume":"19","author":"Yeoman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"McMillen, J., and Laker, L. (1999, January 25\u201327). Correlates of gambling by adolescents. Proceedings of the Developing Strategic Alliances: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the National Association for Gambling Studies, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790500303469","article-title":"Further evidence concerning the prevalence of adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Australia","volume":"5","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01043524","article-title":"Gambling behavior among high school students in the Quebec area","volume":"4","author":"Ladouceur","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(87)90019-0","article-title":"Pathological gambling among high school students","volume":"12","author":"Lesieur","year":"1987","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494817726621","article-title":"Compulsory school achievement and gambling among men and women aged 18\u201329 in Finland","volume":"46","author":"Latvala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.2.170","article-title":"Psychosocial variables associated with adolescent gambling","volume":"18","author":"Hardoon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009428913972","article-title":"Gambling and correlates of gambling among Minnesota public school students","volume":"16","author":"Stinchfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9736-9","article-title":"Longitudinal links between gambling participation and academic performance in youth: A test of four models","volume":"34","author":"Vitaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09892-7","article-title":"Adolescent Gambling, Gambling Expenditure and Gambling\u2013Related Harms in Finland, 2011\u20132017","volume":"36","author":"Raisamo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Griffiths, M.D. (1995). Adolescent Gambling, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why don\u2019t adolescents turn up for gambling treatment (revisited)?","volume":"11","author":"Chevalier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. Why adolescents don\u2019t turn up for treatment. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the European Association for Gambling Studies, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Rigbye, J. (2013). Barriers to Treatment Access for Young Problem Gamblers. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nottingham Trent University]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.008","article-title":"Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"51","author":"Dowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024987131943","article-title":"Prevalence of gambling among Minnesota public school students in 1992 and 1995","volume":"13","author":"Stinchfield","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/14459800108732289","article-title":"Youth gambling in Melbourne\u2019s West: Changes between 1996 and 1998 for Anglo-European background and Asian background school based youth","volume":"1","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.2.263","article-title":"The natural history of problem gambling from age 18 to 29","volume":"112","author":"Slutske","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02107113","article-title":"Monitoring adolescent gambling in Minnesota","volume":"11","author":"Winters","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.16.1.3","article-title":"Prospective study of youth gambling behaviours","volume":"16","author":"Winters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.19.1.104","article-title":"Pathways of youth gambling problem severity","volume":"19","author":"Winters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13083","article-title":"Variety of gambling activities from adolescence to age 30 and association with gambling problems: A 15-year longitudinal study of a general population sample","volume":"110","author":"Carbonneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790902755001","article-title":"Once a gambler- always a gambler- longitudinal analysis of adolescent gambling patterns","volume":"9","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09948-z","article-title":"Gambling in young adults aged 17\u201324 years: A population based study","volume":"36","author":"Hollen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02573.x","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of gambling activities and associated risk factors","volume":"104","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1343366","article-title":"Transition from playing with simulated gambling games to gambling with real money: A longitudinal study in adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Dussault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.067","article-title":"The cost of virtual wins: An examination of gambling-related risks in youth who spend money on social casino games","volume":"5","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9755-1","article-title":"Do simulated gambling activities predict gambling with real money during adolescence? Empirical findings from a longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Hayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9626-6","article-title":"Who spends money to play for free? Identifying who makes micro-transactions on social casino games (and why)","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9781-z","article-title":"Are video games a gateway to gambling? A longitudinal study based on a representative Norwegian sample","volume":"35","author":"Molde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-0009-3","article-title":"Video game monetization (e.g., \u2018loot boxes\u2019): A blueprint for practical social responsibility measures","volume":"17","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2012.661444","article-title":"A review of Australian classification practices for commercial video games featuring simulated gambling","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zendle, D., and Cairns, P. (2019). Loot box spending in video games is again linked to problem gambling. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/u5dmr"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.07.003","article-title":"Paying for loot boxes is linked to problem gambling, regardless of specific features such as cash-out or pay-to-win","volume":"102","author":"Zendle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9511-0","article-title":"Do social casino gamers migrate to online gambling? An assessment of migration rate and potential predictors","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2020.1768430","article-title":"Gaming-gambling convergence: Evaluating evidence for the \u2018gateway\u2019 hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2011.25.4","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perceptions of adolescent gambling: A Canadian national study","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-016-9721-z","article-title":"Teacher awareness and attitudes regarding adolescent risk behaviors: A sample of Finnish middle and high school teachers","volume":"15","author":"Castren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00045","article-title":"Between two worlds: Exploring esports betting in relation to problem gambling, gaming and mental health","volume":"10","author":"Marchica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:00Z","timestamp":1760167440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182111482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111482","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}}}