{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:50:11Z","timestamp":1789527011116,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization\u2019s guideline (1.5 mg\/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg\/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg\/L and 3.2 mg\/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children\u2019s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg\/L for every 1 mg\/L increase in water fluoride (p &lt; 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1635805294000},"page":"11490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Far\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Alejandro","family":"Estevez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Noelia","family":"Onofre-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Humara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodia","family":"Rojas-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urinda","family":"\u00c1lamo-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Olivia","family":"Rocha-Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margat, J., and van der Gun, J. 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