{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:47:03Z","timestamp":1789638423255,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid crisis exceeds one trillion dollars. Opioid Replacement Therapy is the most common treatment for addictions and other RDS disorders. Even after repeated relapses, patients are repeatedly prescribed the same opioid replacement treatments. A recent JAMA report indicates that non-opioid treatments fare better than chronic opioid treatments. Research demonstrates that over 50 percent of all suicides are related to alcohol or other drug use. In addition to effective fellowship programs and spirituality acceptance, nutrigenomic therapies (e.g., KB220Z) optimize gene expression, rebalance neurotransmitters, and restore neurotransmitter functional connectivity. KB220Z was shown to increase functional connectivity across specific brain regions involved in dopaminergic function. KB220\/Z significantly reduces RDS behavioral disorders and relapse in human DUI offenders. Taking a Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test combined with a the KB220Z semi-customized nutrigenomic supplement effectively restores dopamine homeostasis (WC 199).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T12:39:42Z","timestamp":1635856782000},"page":"11529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Division of Nutrigenomics, Synaptamine Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"},{"name":"Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalla","family":"Bowirrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Braverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5635-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Lud","family":"Cadet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Elman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panyotis K.","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra D.","family":"Badgaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. 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