{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:05:55Z","timestamp":1790669155357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200306\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200306\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial gambling is increasingly viewed as being part of the unhealthy commodities industries, in which products contribute to preventable ill-health globally. Britain has one of the world\u2019s most liberal gambling markets, meaning that the regulatory changes there have implications for developments elsewhere. A review of the British Gambling Act 2005 is underway. This has generated a range of actions by the industry, including mobilising arguments around the threat of the \u201cblack market\u201d. We critically explore industry\u2019s framing of these issues as part of their strategy to resist regulatory change during the Gambling Act review. We used a predefined review protocol to explore industry narratives about the \u201cblack market\u201d in media reports published between 8 December 2020 and 26 May 2021. Fifty-five articles were identified and reviewed, and themes were narratively synthesised to examine industry framing of the \u201cblack market\u201d. The black market was framed in terms of economic threat and loss, and a direct connection was made between its growth and increased regulation. The articles mainly presented gambling industry perspectives uncritically, citing industry-generated evidence (n = 40). Industry narratives around the \u201cblack market\u201d speak to economically and emotionally salient concerns: fear, safety, consumer freedom and economic growth. This dominant framing in political, mainstream and industry media may influence political and public opinion to support the current status quo: \u201cprotecting\u201d the existing regulated market rather than \u201cprotecting\u201d people. Debates should be reframed to consider all policy options, especially those designed to protect public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T17:59:38Z","timestamp":1635962378000},"page":"11566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Regulatory Resistance? Narratives and Uses of Evidence around \u201cBlack Market\u201d Provision of Gambling during the British Gambling Act Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Wardle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RT, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6539-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerda","family":"Reith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4159-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Rintoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Shiffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003543","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003543","article-title":"The case for developing a cohesive systems approach to research across unhealthy commodity industries","volume":"6","author":"Knai","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31991-9","article-title":"Gambling harm: A global problem requiring global solutions","volume":"394","author":"Reith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, June 18). Gambling Commission Industry Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk\/statistics-and-research\/publication\/industry-statistics-may-2021."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1807","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1807","article-title":"Gambling and Public Health: We need policy action to prevent harm","volume":"365","author":"Wardle","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30243-9","article-title":"Tackling gambling related harms as a public health issue","volume":"5","author":"Goyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Public Health England (2021, October 10). Gambling-Related Harms Evidence Review: Economic and Social Costs of Harms, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1022208\/Gambling-evidence-review_economic-costs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Department of Digital Culture Media and Sport (2021, June 18). Review of the Gambling Act 2005: Terms of Reference and Call for Evidence, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidence\/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidence."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulkunen, P., Babor, T.F., Cisneros \u00d6rnberg, J., Egerer, M., Hellman, M., Livingstone, C., Marionneau, V., Nikkinen, J., Orford, J., and Room, R. (2018). Setting Limits: Gambling Science and Public Policy, Oxford Scholarship.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198817321.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404190","article-title":"The stakes of online gambling in Canada: A public health analysis","volume":"102","author":"Papineau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"41","article-title":"Legalizing Federal Sports Gambling Laws: You Got to Know When to Hold\u2019em","volume":"40","author":"Shawhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Comm. Ent. LJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.01.006","article-title":"Learning Lessons: The need for effective evaluation of regulatory change","volume":"53","author":"Wardle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106876","article-title":"The impact of the initial Covid-19 lockdown upon regular sports bettors in Britain: Findings from a cross-sectional online study","volume":"118","author":"Wardle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9127-y","article-title":"Gambling behaviour and the prevalence of gambling problems in adult EGM gamblers when EGMs are banned. A natural experiment","volume":"25","author":"Lund","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/19460171.2013.766023","article-title":"Framing the alcohol policy debate: Industry actors and the regulation of the UK beverage alcohol market","volume":"7","author":"Hawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Policy Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2017.14","article-title":"Four challenges that global health networks face","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E614","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00098-0","article-title":"A public health approach to gambling regulation: Countering powerful influences","volume":"6","author":"Petticrew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Schalkwyk, M.C., Maani, N., McKee, M., Thomas, S., Knai, C., and Petticrew, M. (2021). \u201cWhen the Fun Stops, Stop\u201d: An analysis of the provenance, framing and evidence of a \u2018responsible gambling\u2019 campaign. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255145"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054295","article-title":"Tobacco industry data on illicit tobacco trade: A systematic review of existing assessments","volume":"28","author":"Gallagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1047","article-title":"What public health practitioners need to know about unhealthy industry tactics","volume":"107","author":"Moodie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01900.x","article-title":"Industrial epidemics, public health advocacy and the alcohol industry: Lessons from other fields","volume":"102","author":"Jahiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x","article-title":"The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food?","volume":"87","author":"Brownell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209710","article-title":"\u2018Nothing can be done until everything is done\u2019: The use of complexity arguments by food, beverage, alcohol and gambling industries","volume":"71","author":"Petticrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052398","article-title":"Is the illicit cigarette market really growing? The tobacco industry\u2019s misleading math trick","volume":"25","author":"Stoklosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051930","article-title":"\u2018It will harm business and increase illicit trade\u2019: An evaluation of the relevance, quality and transparency of evidence submitted by transnational tobacco companies to the UK consultation on standardised packaging","volume":"24","author":"Hatchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Jonal, I. (2021, May 28). Consultant: More Research into Black Market Motivations Needed Instead of \u201cMisplaced Critique\u201d. Gambling Insider, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblinginsider.com\/news\/11296\/consultant-more-research-into-black-market-motivations-needed-instead-of-misplaced-critique."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"National Audit Office Gambling Regulation (2019). Problem Gambling and Protecting Vulnerable People, NAO."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"House of Lords (2020). Select Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of the Gambling Industry Gambling Harm\u2014Time for Action, House of Lords."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2010.24.5","article-title":"Online crime and internet gambling","volume":"24","author":"McMullen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Price Waterhouse Coopers (2021, June 12). Review of Unlicensed Online gambling in the UK. Available online: https:\/\/bettingandgamingcouncil.com\/uploads\/Downloads\/PwC-Review-of-Unlicensed-Online-Gambling-in-the-UK_vFinal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Dugher, M. (2021, May 28). Minister Should Be Aware of Driving Gamblers to the Black Market. The Times, Available online: https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/article\/ministers-should-beware-driving-gamblers-to-the-black-market-6pxn66lqw."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cooper, H. (2012). Thematic analysis. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, American Psychological Association. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Poole, T. (2021, May 28). Important that Gambling Review Strikes Right Balance. Gambling Insider, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblinginsider.com\/news\/10602\/william-hill-ceo-important-that-gambling-review-strikes-right-balance."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Harding, J. (2021, June 01). Betting and Gaming Council Chair Cautions against Severe Gambling Review. Racing Post, Available online: https:\/\/www.racingpost.com\/news\/betting-and-gaming-council-chair-cautions-against-severe-gambling-review\/462578."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lloyd-Taylor, G. (2021, June 01). UK Government Launches Consultation on Updating Gambling Laws for Digital Age. Mondaq, Available online: https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/unitedstates\/gaming\/1014846\/uk-government-launches-consultation-on-updating-gambling-laws-for-digital-age."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Casino Beats (2021, October 28). Betting and Gaming Council Issues Renewed Black Market Warning Casino Beats. Available online: https:\/\/casinobeats.com\/2020\/12\/21\/betting-and-gaming-council-issues-renewed-black-market-warning\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mulligan, R. (2021, June 01). UK Sees 27 m Visits to Black Market Sites in a Year. Igaming Business, Available online: https:\/\/igamingbusiness.com\/uk-sees-27m-visits-to-black-market-sites-in-a-year\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Yogonet (2021, May 28). UK Online Black Market Sees 27 m Visits in a Year: BGC Warns over Gambling Review. Yogonet, Available online: https:\/\/www.yogonet.com\/international\/noticias\/2020\/12\/22\/55878-uk-online-black-market-sees-27m-visits-in-a-year-bgc-warns-over-gambling-review."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Hirst, I. (2021, June 01). Government Must Tackle Rates Gambling Addiction which Crisis Waiting Happen according to MP. Dewsbury Reporter, Available online: https:\/\/www.dewsburyreporter.co.uk\/news\/opinion\/government-must-tackle-rates-gambling-addiction-which-crisis-waiting-happen-according-mp-3087969."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Simmons, F. (2021, June 01). UK Gambling Operators Criticized for Overstating Black Market Threat. Gambling News, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblingnews.com\/news\/uk-gambling-operators-criticized-for-overstating-black-market-threat\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Davies, R. (2021, May 28). UK Gambling Firms Accused of Exaggerating Scale of Black Market Betting. The Guardian, Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2021\/jan\/18\/uk-gambling-firms-accused-of-exaggerating-scale-of-black-market-betting."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Wooding, D. (2021, May 28). Teens Blowing 1.4 Billion Black Market Gambling. The Sun, Available online: https:\/\/www.thesun.co.uk\/news\/13527723\/teens-blowing-1-4billion-black-market-gambling\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Regulus Partners (2021, May 28). Winning Pos Playing It Straight on Black Market Threats. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/sbcnews.co.uk\/latestnews\/2021\/01\/25\/winning-post-playing-it-straight-on-black-market-threats\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Menmuir, T. (2021, May 28). Sunak Monitors Gambling Review Closely. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/sbcnews.co.uk\/europe\/uk\/2021\/01\/29\/sunak-monitors-gambling-review-closely\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Inkedin (2021, June 01). Rishi Sunak Raises Concerns of Enhanced Affordability Checks. Inkedin, Available online: https:\/\/inkedin.com\/rishi-sunak-raises-concerns-of-enhanced-affordability-checks\/47991\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Simmons, F. (2021, June 01). Higher License Fees to Help Gambling Commission Address Modern Challenges. Gambling News, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblingnews.com\/news\/higher-license-fees-to-help-gambling-commission-address-modern-challenges\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Racing, T.V. (2021, May 28). Cruddace Shares Concerns on Gambling Review, Racing TV. Available online: https:\/\/www.racingtv.com\/news\/cruddace-shares-concerns-on-gambling-review."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Johnstone, M. (2021, June 01). Cruddace Airs Concerns on Gambling Review. Evening Times (Glasgow), Available online: https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/uk\/evening-times\/20210201\/textview."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Orme-clay, T. (2021, June 01). Entain Launches Consumer Representation Initiative the Players Panel. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/www.sbcnews.co.uk\/social-responsibility\/2021\/02\/01\/entain-launches-consumer-representation-initiative-the-players-panel\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Davies, R. (2021, May 28). UK Betting Faces Bigger Threats than Losing Its Sport Shirts. The Guardian, Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2021\/feb\/01\/uk-betting-faces-bigger-threats-than-losing-its-sport-shirts."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Casino Beats (2021, June 01). BGC Determined to Drive Change as UKGC Clamps down on Slots. Casino Beats, Available online: https:\/\/www.casinobeats.com\/2021\/02\/02\/bgc-determined-to-drive-change-as-ukgc-clamps-down-on-slots\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Fletcher, R. (2021, May 28). Industry Urges GC to Heed Black Market Warnings in Gambling Act Review. Igaming Business, Available online: https:\/\/igamingbusiness.com\/industry-urges-gc-to-heed-black-market-warnings-in-gambling-act-review\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Betting and Gaming Council (2021, June 01). Number of British Punters Using Black Market Gambling Sites More than Doubles. Politics Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.politicshome.com\/news\/article\/number-of-british-punters-using-black-market-gambling-sites-more-than-doubles."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Gill, O. (2021, June 01). Black Market Doubles during Pandemic. The Telegraph, Available online: https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/business\/2021\/02\/04\/black-market-gambling-doubles-pandemic\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Davies, R. (2021, May 28). Even Low Levels of Gambling Linked to Financial Hardship Study Finds. The Guardian, Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2021\/feb\/04\/even-low-levels-of-gambling-linked-to-financial-hardship-study-finds."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Maddox, D. (2021, June 01). Gambling Limits an Invasion of Privacy. Sunday Express, Available online: https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/uk\/sunday-express-1070\/20210207\/281930250668887."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Dijstrak, C. (2021, June 01). PWC Report Shows British Black Market Gambling Doubled Since 2018. City AM, Available online: https:\/\/www.cityam.com\/pwc-report-shows-british-black-market-gambling-doubled-since-2018\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Barber, B. (2021, June 01). Its Long Overdue: Northern Ireland Gambling Laws Set for Significant Reform. Racing Post, Available online: https:\/\/www.racingpost.com\/news\/latest\/its-long-overdue-northern-ireland-gambling-laws-set-for-significant-reform\/492183."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"SBC News (2021, June 01). William Hill\u2019S Ulrik Bengtsson: Claiming the Black Market Doesn\u2019t Exist Is Like Saying the Earth Is Flat. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/www.sbcnews.co.uk\/europe\/uk\/2021\/02\/09\/william-hill-ulrik-bengtsson-claiming-the-black-market-doesnt-exist-is-like-saying-the-earth-is-flat\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Reed, H. (2021, June 01). Bad Bet: How the Gambling Industry Is Lobbying Hard Against Online Betting Reform. Left Foot Forward, Available online: https:\/\/leftfootforward.org\/2021\/02\/bad-beat-how-the-gambling-industry-is-lobbying-hard-against-online-betting-reform\/."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Archer, B. (2021, June 01). BLACK MARKET DANGER MP Warns of \u2018Disastrous\u2019 Consequences Affordability Checks on Punters will Have on racing. The Sun, Available online: https:\/\/www.thesun.co.uk\/sport\/horseracing\/13995088\/racing-industry-affordability-checks-black-market\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Menmuir, T. (2021, May 28). Donoughue Cuts Ties with All Party Betting Gaming Group. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/sbcnews.co.uk\/igaming\/2021\/02\/12\/donoughue-cuts-ties-with-all-party-betting-gaming-group\/."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Orme-Clay, T. (2021, June 01). Flutter\u2019s Ian Proctor Outlines Affordability Approach. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/www.sbcnews.co.uk\/social-responsibility\/2021\/02\/12\/flutters-ian-proctor-outlines-affordability-approach\/."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Fletcher, R. (2021, June 01). British Racing Bodies Hit Out at Disastrous Affordability Checks Plans. Igaming Business, Available online: https:\/\/igamingbusiness.com\/british-racing-bodies-hit-out-at-disastrous-affordability-checks-plans\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"London Post (2021, June 01). Government\u2019s Review into Gambling Laws Must Take Heed of Black Market Threat Warn Industry Experts. London Post, Available online: https:\/\/london-post.co.uk\/governments-review-into-gambling-laws-must-take-heed-of-black-market-threat-warn-industry-experts\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"London on the Inside (2021, June 01). All Bets Are Off for Gambling Reforms in the UK. London on the Inside, Available online: https:\/\/londontheinside.com\/all-bets-are-off-for-gambling-reforms-in-the-uk\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"BBC News (2021, May 28). Stadium Walks Held to Call for End to Football Betting Ads. BBC News, Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-manchester-56299527."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Wooding, D. (2021, June 01). ILLEGAL BET SITE FEARS Black Market Betting \u2018Will Rocket if New Laws Are too Strict\u2019. The Sun, Available online: https:\/\/www.thesun.co.uk\/news\/14259245\/black-market-betting-rocket-new-laws-too-strict\/."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Orme-Clay, T. (2021, June 01). BGC Poll Reveals Public Opposition to Bet Limits. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/sbcnews.co.uk\/retail\/2021\/03\/08\/bgc-poll-reveals-public-opposition-to-bet-limits\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Burton, S. (2021, June 01). Poll: Gambling Limits Prove Unpopular in Britain. Blood Horse, Available online: https:\/\/www.bloodhorse.com\/horse-racing\/articles\/246561\/poll-gambling-limits-prove-unpopular-in-britain."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, D. (2021, June 01). Brits Oppose Gambling Limits Poll Concludes. Casino.org, Available online: https:\/\/www.casino.org\/news\/brits-oppose-gambling-limits-poll-concludes\/."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gambling Insider (2021, October 28). SMF: UK Economy could Benefit from Strict Gambling Laws. Gambling Insider, Available online: Gamblinginsider.com."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"O\u2019Boyle, D. (2021, October 28). Study Claims 5% of Accounts Responsible for 70% of British GGY. Igaming Business, Available online: https:\/\/igamingbusiness.com\/study-claims-5-of-accounts-responsible-for-70-of-british-ggy\/."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Casino Beats (2021, June 01). BGC Reasserts Zero Tolerance Approach to betting by under-18s. Casino Beats, Available online: https:\/\/www.casinobeats.com\/2021\/03\/15\/bgc-reasserts-zero-tolerance-approach-to-betting-by-under-18s\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Casino Beats (2021, June 01). Natcen Report Fails to Highlight Recent Work to Raise Standards Says BGC. Casino Beats, Available online: https:\/\/www.casinobeats.com\/2021\/03\/15\/natcen-report-fails-to-highlight-recent-work-to-raise-standards-says-bgc\/."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Snowdon, C. (2021, June 01). How to Control Gambling in a Digital Age. Yorkshire Post, Available online: https:\/\/www.yorkshirepost.co.uk\/news\/opinion\/columnists\/how-to-control-online-gambling-in-a-digital-age-christopher-snowdon-3169247."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Nygaard-Andersen, J. (2021, June 01). Entain How Can We Make Gambling Regulation Fit for the Digital Age?. Politics Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.politicshome.com\/members\/article\/how-can-we-make-gambling-regulation-fit-for-the-digital-age."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"O\u2019Boyle, D. (2021, June 01). Battles ahead for British bookies. Igaming Business, Available online: https:\/\/igamingbusiness.com\/battles-ahead-for-british-bookies\/."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Gambling Insider (2021, June 01). Striking the Legal Balance. Gambling Insider, Available online: https:\/\/www.gamblinginsider.com\/magazine\/88\/striking-the-legal-balance."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Betting and Gaming Council (2021, June 01). Betting and Gaming Industry Unites Once again for Safer Gambling Week 2021. Politics Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.politicshome.com\/members\/article\/betting-and-gaming-industry-unites-once-again-for-safer-gambling-week-2021."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Betting and Gaming Council (2021, May 28). Betting and Gaming Council Statement\u2014Response to the \u2018Peers For Gambling Reform\u2019 Report. Politics Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.politicshome.com\/members\/article\/betting-and-gaming-council-statement-response-to-the-peers-for-gambling-reform-report."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Skentelbery, H. (2021, June 01). Modernisation of Gambling Taxes and How It Will Affect the Industry. Warrington WorldWide, Available online: https:\/\/www.warrington-worldwide.co.uk\/2021\/05\/26\/modernisation-of-gambling-taxes-and-how-it-will-affect-the-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Casino Beats (2021, June 01). Gamcare Urges a Unified Response to Address Gambling Block Loopholes. Casino Beats, Available online: https:\/\/www.casinobeats.com\/2021\/05\/26\/gamcare-urges-a-unified-response-to-address-gambling-block-loopholes\/."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Menmuir, T. (2021, June 01). Gamcare Workshop Highlights how Gambling Blocks Can Be Bypassed. SBC News, Available online: https:\/\/sbcnews.co.uk\/social-responsibility\/2021\/05\/27\/gamcare-workshop-highlights-how-gambling-blocks-can-be-bypassed\/."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Narayan, N. (2021, May 28). Betting and Gaming Council\u2019s Response to Peers for Gambling Reforms Report. European Gaming, Available online: https:\/\/europeangaming.eu\/portal\/compliance-updates\/2021\/05\/27\/93236\/betting-and-gaming-councils-response-to-peers-for-gambling-reforms-report\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Conolly, A., Wardle, H., Davies, B., Fuller, E., and Heinze, N. (2018). Gambling Behavior in Great Britain in 2016, Gambling Commission."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Social Market Foundation (2021, October 10). Submission to the Gambling Commission Consultation on Consumer Interaction. Available online: https:\/\/www.smf.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Social-Market-Foundation-Submission-to-the-Gambling-Commission-Consultation-on-Customer-Interaction-Feb-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Rutgers (2021, October 10). Cannabis Black Market Thrives Despite Legalization. Available online: https:\/\/alcoholstudies.rutgers.edu\/cannabis-black-market-thrives-despite-legalization\/."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051397","article-title":"Tobacco industry manipulation of data on and press coverage of the illicit tobacco trade in the UK","volume":"23","author":"Rowell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reith, G. (2018). Addictive Consumption: Modernity, Capitalism and Excess, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429464447"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.03.018","article-title":"Moving on from responsible gambling: A new discourse is needed to prevent and minimise harm from gambling","volume":"184","author":"Livingstone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2020.1867111","article-title":"Discourses of responsible gambling and gambling harm: Observations from Victoria, Australia","volume":"29","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Bell, K., McNaughton, D., and Salmon, A. (2011). Addiction and personal responsibility as solutions to the contradictions of neoliberal consumerism. Alcohol, Tobacco and Obesity: Morality, Mortality and the New Public Health, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Freudenberg, N. (2014). Lethal but Legal Corporations, Consumption, and Protecting Public Health, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Betting and Gaming Council (2021, June 01). Betting and Gaming Council\u2014Written Evidence (GAM0068). Available online: https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/writtenevidence\/154\/pdf\/."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.9.1358","article-title":"The Precautionary Principle Also Applies to Public Health Actions","volume":"91","author":"Goldstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2613","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2613","article-title":"Open letter from UK based academic scientists to the secretaries of state for digital, culture, media and sport and for health and social care regarding the need for independent funding for the prevention and treatment of gambling harms","volume":"370","author":"Wardle","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:25:25Z","timestamp":1760167525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/21\/11566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182111566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]}}}