{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:42:36Z","timestamp":1770291756092,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inhaled drugs have been available in the market for several years and for several diseases. Drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes have been used for several years. In the field of drug modification, these drugs range from tablets to aerosol. Methods: Milling as used to break down the tablets to powder and nebulisers are used to produce aerosol droplets. A mastersizer was used to measure the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol droplets. Results: Apremilast produced mmad diameters (2.43 \u03bcm) without any statistical difference between the different jet-nebulizers. The residual cup B contributed to greater mmad diameters as the 95% interval of mean values, based on those the ANOVA mean square clearly indicated, followed by cups C and F. The previous interval plot is much better clarified when the interaction means between drug and residual cap are plotted. The residual cups B, C and F produce mmad between (2.0\u20133.2). Conclusion: In the current research study we demonstrated our methodology to create apremilast powder and produce apremilast aerosol droplets with different nebulisers and residual cups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"11590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modification of Apremilast from Pills to Aerosol a Future Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zarogoulidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Department, General Clinic, Euromedica Private Hospital, 546 45 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"3rd Surgery Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 21 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoforos","family":"Kosmidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Surgery Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 21 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5275-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kougkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, IPPOKRATEIO University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimilios","family":"Lallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Petridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 507 01 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hohenforst-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sana Clinic Group Franken, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Intensive Care, Nephrology, Hof Clinics, University of Erlangen, 91054 Hof, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrisanthi","family":"Sardeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 45 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.12.010","article-title":"Experimentation with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids","volume":"461","author":"Zarogoulidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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