{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:10:10Z","timestamp":1781165410473,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010700","name":"National Institute of Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIER-2021-04-03-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIER-2021-04-03-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to compare the psychological symptoms of humidifier disinfectant survivors to the general population and explore socio-demographic factors influencing survivors\u2019 psychological symptoms. A one-way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and a series of two-way MANCOVA were conducted with a sample of 228 humidifier disinfectant survivors and 228 controls. The results demonstrated that the survivor group displayed higher anxious\/depressed symptoms, withdrawn symptoms, somatic complaints, thought problems, attention problems, aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior than the general group. Moreover, among the socio-demographic factors, the two-way interaction effects of group \u00d7 family economic status and group \u00d7 number of friends were found to be statistically significant. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1636671761000},"page":"11811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting Psychological Symptoms in Humidifier Disinfectant Survivors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hye-Yun","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3853-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hun-Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Industry Foundation, Yonsei Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Young","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Graduate School of Thelogy, Yonsei Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kim, J.W. 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