{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:49:53Z","timestamp":1792741793836,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Canadian data platform"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Canadian data platform"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unit\u00e9 Soutien du Qu\u00e9bec SSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unit\u00e9 Soutien du Qu\u00e9bec SSA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la sant\u00e9 et des services sociaux du Qu\u00e9bec","award":["Unit\u00e9 Soutien du Qu\u00e9bec SSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unit\u00e9 Soutien du Qu\u00e9bec SSA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While drugs and related products have profoundly changed the lives of people around the world, ongoing challenges remain, including inappropriate use of a drug product. Inappropriate uses can be explained in part by ambiguous or incomplete information, for example, missing reasons for treatments, ambiguous information on how to take a medication, or lack of information on medication-related events outside the health care system. In order to fully assess the situation, data from multiple systems (electronic medical records, pharmacy and radiology information systems, laboratory management systems, etc.) from multiple organizations (outpatient clinics, hospitals, long-term care facilities, laboratories, pharmacies, registries, governments) on a large geographical scale is needed. Formal knowledge models like ontologies can help address such an information integration challenge. Existing approaches like the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership are discussed and contrasted with the use of ontologies and systems using them for data integration. The PRescription Drug Ontology 2.0 (PDRO 2.0) is then presented and entities that are paramount in addressing this problematic are described. Finally, the benefits of using PDRO are discussed through a series of exemplar situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T11:32:03Z","timestamp":1637062323000},"page":"12025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Prescription of Drug Ontology 2.0 (PDRO): More Than the Sum of Its Parts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-0109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Ethier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Informatique de la Sant\u00e9 (GRIIS.ca), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Goyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Informatique de la Sant\u00e9 (GRIIS.ca), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Informatique de la Sant\u00e9 (GRIIS.ca), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Informatique de la Sant\u00e9 (GRIIS.ca), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"IRIT\u2014Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (CNRS), 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.03.023","article-title":"NSAIDs in CKD: Are They Safe?","volume":"76","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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