{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:49:36Z","timestamp":1789004976336,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pandemic-related disruptions, including school, child care, and workplace closures, financial stressors, and relationship challenges, present unique risks to families\u2019 mental health. We examined the mental health impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among parents with children &lt;18 years old living at home over three study rounds in May 2020 (n = 618), September 2020 (n = 804), and January 2021 (n = 602). Data were collected using a cross-sectional online survey of adults living in Canada, nationally representative by age, gender, household income, and region. Chi-square tests and logistic regression compared outcomes between parents and the rest of the sample, among parent subgroups, and over time. Parents reported worsened mental health compared with before the pandemic, as well as not coping well, increased alcohol use, increased suicidal thoughts\/feelings, worsened mental health among their children, and increases in both negative and positive parent\u2013child interactions. Mental health challenges were more frequently reported among parents with pre-existing mental health conditions, disabilities, and financial\/relationship stressors. Increased alcohol use was more frequently reported among younger parents and men. Sustained mental health challenges of parents throughout nearly a year of the pandemic suggest that intervention efforts to support family mental health may not be adequately meeting families\u2019 needs. Addressing family stressors through financial benefit programs and virtual mental health supports should be further explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T09:16:11Z","timestamp":1637140571000},"page":"12080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Mental Health in Canada: Findings from a Multi-Round Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kimberly C.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randip","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Gagn\u00e9 Petteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey","family":"McAuliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Gadermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20768","article-title":"Addressing mental health needs: An integral part of COVID-19 response","volume":"19","author":"Ghebreyesus","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.28","article-title":"Viewpoint: Investing in strategies to support mental health recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"64","author":"McDaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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