{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:54:26Z","timestamp":1769090066691,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19, and the lockdown requirement, altered our daily lives, including the restructuring of work and socio-familial organisation of millions of people. Through two studies, we explored how workers experienced this period. The first, qualitative study (N = 30) aimed to understand how workers lived through lockdown by identifying the key elements that shaped their experiences. Thematic content analysis revealed four emerging themes: (1) work and socio-health situation in which lockdown was experienced; (2) consequences on work organisation and resources available for change; (3) work\u2013life balance management; and (4) psychosocial consequences and coping with the situation. The second, quantitative study (N = 332) explored the socio-health situation, new work organisation, work\u2013life balance, and psychosocial consequences and coping strategies developed during this period, analysing participants\u2019 differences in terms of gender, working modality (on-site or teleworking) and care responsibilities through ANOVA analysis. Results revealed the non-democratic nature of the pandemic, with differences and similarities according to gender, working modality and having or not having dependents. Results are discussed identifying areas that need to be addressed to ensure the well-being of workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T21:32:07Z","timestamp":1637184727000},"page":"12087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["(Tele)Work and Care during Lockdown: Labour and Socio-Familial Restructuring in Times of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Iduzki","family":"Soubelet-Fagoaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maitane","family":"Arnoso-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Guerendiain-Gab\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edurne","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garbi\u00f1e","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.025","article-title":"2019-nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity","volume":"88","author":"Gautam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Peir\u00f3, J.M., and Soler, A. (2020). El Impulso al Teletrabajo Durante el Covid-19 y los Retos que Plantea, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas (IVIE)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Labour Force Survey (2020). Encuesta de Poblaci\u00f3n Activa: Tercer Trimestre de 2020, Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104996","article-title":"Health-related factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among non-health workers in Spain","volume":"133","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Eurostat (2019). Employed Persons Working from Home as a Percentage of the Total Employment, by Sex, Age and Professional Status, Eurostat."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Morikawa, M. (2020). Productivity of Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from an Employee Survey, Discussion papers 20073; Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Brun, O., and Durieu, C. (2012). Le T\u00e9l\u00e9travail dans les Grandes Entreprises Fran\u00e7aises. Comment la Distance Transforme nos Modes de Travail, Greenworking."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"329","article-title":"Managers\u2019 intention to innovate in a change context: Examining the role of attitudes, control and support","volume":"30","author":"Massu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Creat. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102258","article-title":"Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020","volume":"74","author":"Mertens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wa\u0144kowicz, P., Szyli\u0144ska, A., and Rotter, I. (2021). Insomnia, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic May Depend on the Pre-Existent Health Status Rather than the Profession. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wa\u0144kowicz, P., Szyli\u0144ska, A., and Rotter, I. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Health and Insomnia among People with Chronic Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061206"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansilla Dom\u00ednguez, J.M., Font Jim\u00e9nez, I., Belzunegui Eraso, A., Pe\u00f1a Otero, D., D\u00edaz P\u00e9rez, D., and Recio Vivas, A.M. (2020). Risk perception of COVID-19 community transmission among the Spanish population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238967"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, J.\u00c1., L\u00e1zaro-P\u00e9rez, C., G\u00f3mez-Gal\u00e1n, J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez, M.d.M. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 emergency on health professionals: Burnout incidence at the most critical period in Spain. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9093029"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.055","article-title":"Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce","volume":"87","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2020.05.001","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de la amenaza percibida por la COVID-19 en poblaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola","volume":"52","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atenci\u00f3n Primaria"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Molina, X., Oviedo, M., Mart\u00ednez, M., and G\u00f3mez, R.E. (2020). Encuesta de Salud Mental a Padres y Madres de Familia y Cuidadores de la Comunidad Educativa en Barrancabermeja en el Contexto de la Emergencia Generado por la Covid-19 en el 2020, Corporaci\u00f3n Centro de Estudios Regionales del Magdalena Medio."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193","article-title":"Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world","volume":"23","author":"Dryhurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Risk Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020256.1.10932020","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in a Low and Middle-Income Country","volume":"25","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cien. Saude Colet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23071","article-title":"COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates","volume":"37","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Talavera, A. (2020). La Econom\u00eda en Tiempos de la Covid-19: Perspectivas para Espa\u00f1a y Europa, Oxford Economics."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020). Women at the Core of the Fight against COVID-19 Crisis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Oxfam Interm\u00f3n (2020). Superar la Pandemia y Reducir la Desigualdad. C\u00f3mo Hacer Frente a la Crisis Sin Repetir Errores, Oxfam Interm\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ramos, J., and G\u00f3mez, A. (2020). \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 los Retos de la Conciliaci\u00f3n en Tiempos de COVID-19 son Todav\u00eda Mayores para las Mujeres?. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas (IVIE)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12484","article-title":"Caring during COVID-19: A gendered analysis of Australian university responses to managing remote working and caring responsibilities","volume":"27","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.1.57","article-title":"Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations","volume":"92","author":"Ford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4321\/S0465-546X2011000500008","article-title":"Conciliaci\u00f3n y salud laboral: \u00bfuna relaci\u00f3n posible?: Actualidad en el estudio del conflicto trabajo-familia y la recuperaci\u00f3n del estr\u00e9s","volume":"57","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Segur. Trab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.4.400","article-title":"Development and validation of work\u2013family conflict and family\u2013work conflict scales","volume":"81","author":"Netemeyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Telework in Spain","volume":"2","author":"Anghel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Econ\u00f3mico Banco de Espa\u00f1a"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landers, R. (2019). Telework: Outcomes and facilitators for employees. The Cambridge Handbook of Technology and Employee Behavior, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108649636"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju032","article-title":"Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment","volume":"130","author":"Bloom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.6.1340","article-title":"Telecommuting\u2019s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home?","volume":"91","author":"Golden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019282","article-title":"Workplace flexibility, work hours, and work-life conflict: Finding an extra day or two","volume":"24","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-5344\/1884","article-title":"Da Flexibilidad y teletrabajo: Un estudio bibliom\u00e9trico sobre la producci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect. em Ci\u00eancia da Inf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024490621548","article-title":"Impacts of home-based telework on quality of life for employees and their partners. Quantitative and qualitative results from a European survey","volume":"4","author":"Akselsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"334","article-title":"Teleworking in Portuguese communities during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enterprising Communities People Places Glob. Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Sociological Research Centre (2020). Efectos y Consecuencias del Coronavirus (I), Sociological Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0432.00125","article-title":"Home-based telework, gender, and the synchronization of work and family: Perspectives of teleworkers and their co-residents","volume":"8","author":"Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2006.00252.x","article-title":"The telework tradeoff: Stress mitigation vs. constrained restoration","volume":"56","author":"Hartig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Int. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0432.2008.00414.x","article-title":"Technology, gender and time: A contribution to the debate","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kitchener, C. (2020, April 24). Women Academics Seem To Be Submitting Fewer Papers During Coronavirus. \u2018Never Seen Anything Like It,\u2019 Says One Editor; The Lily. Available online: https:\/\/www.thelily.com\/women-academics-seem-to-be-submitting-fewer-papers-during-coronavirus-never-seen-anything-like-it-says-one-editor\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000819","article-title":"Changes to the work\u2013family interface during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining predictors and implications using latent transition analysis","volume":"105","author":"Vaziri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escudero-Castillo, I., Mato-D\u00edaz, F.J., and Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. (2021). Furloughs, teleworking and other work situations during the COVID-19 lockdown: Impact on mental well-being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062898"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1025","article-title":"Workaholism among Norwegian journalists: Antecedents and consequences","volume":"20","author":"Burke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21573","article-title":"Enough is enough: Cognitive antecedents of workaholism and its aftermath","volume":"53","author":"Peeters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"923","article-title":"Estructura factorial, fiabilidad y validez de la escala de adicci\u00f3n al trabajo (WorkBAT): Versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7459.s36","article-title":"Are you dependent on your work?","volume":"329","author":"Persuad","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ Careers"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1836","article-title":"All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Moreno, B., and Garrosa, E. (2013). La adicci\u00f3n al trabajo. Salud Laboral. Riesgos Laborales Psicosociales y Bienestar Laboral, Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"740","article-title":"Workaholism: A 21st-century addiction","volume":"24","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.002","article-title":"Contextualising over-engagement in work: Towards a more global understanding of workaholism as an addiction","volume":"1","author":"Griffiths","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Cifre, E., Salanova, M., and Rodr\u00edguez, A.M. (2006, January 8\u201310). Traditional job vs. Teleworking: Psychosocial consequences on mental health. Proceedings of the 7th Full Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Manzano, N. (2018). Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) (I): New Forms of Work Organization, Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.18233\/APM41No4S1ppS127-S1362104","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s, respuestas emocionales, factores de riesgo, psicopatolog\u00eda y manejo del personal de salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pedi\u00e1trica M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.2.228","article-title":"Coping and distress in organizations: The role of gender in work stress","volume":"13","author":"Greenglass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paill\u00e9, P., and Mucchielli, A. (2012). L\u2019analyse Qualitative en Sciences Humaines et Sociales [Qualitative Analysis in Humanities and Social Sciences], Armand ColinL.","DOI":"10.3917\/arco.paill.2012.01"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Graziano, A.M., and Raulin, M.L. (2004). Research Methods: A Process Inquiry, Pearson\/Allyn & Bacon."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Miles, M.B., and Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/00131640121971455","article-title":"A general measure of work stress: The Stress in General Scale","volume":"61","author":"Stanton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n del afrontamiento del estr\u00e9s: Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas del cuestionario de formas de afrontamiento de acontecimientos estresantes","volume":"4","author":"Terol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. la Salud"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messenger, J. (2019). Telework in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Perspective, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781789903751"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, M.P. (2015). Prevenci\u00f3n de Riesgos Laborales. Seguridad y Salud Laboral, Paraninfo."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"218","article-title":"G\u00e9nero y estr\u00e9s laboral: Semejanzas y diferencias de acuerdo a factores de riesgo y mecanismos de coping","volume":"14","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Organ. e Trab."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Sociodemographic characteristics and stress of people from Spain confined by COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Arg\u00fcello-Pitt, M., Belaus, A., Bengolea, M., Caicedo-Cavagnis, E., Correa, P., Godoy, J., Mola, D., Ortiz, M.V., and Reyna, C. (2020). Experiencias y Estrategias frente al COVID-19 en Argentina; KuskaRuway\u2013Investigaci\u00f3n en Psicolog\u00eda y Econom\u00eda Comportamental, IIPsi-UNC-CONICET."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hickman, A., and Robison, J. (2021, November 09). Is Working Remotely Effective? Gallup Research Says Yes; Gallup. Available online: https:\/\/www.gallup.com\/workplace\/283985\/working-remotely-effective-gallup-research-says-yes.aspx."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hall\u00e9p\u00e9e, S., and Mauroux, A. (2019). Quels Sont Les Salari\u00e9s Concern\u00e9s Par Le T\u00e9l\u00e9travail? R\u00e9f\u00e9rences En Sant\u00e9 Au Travail, DARES analyses."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, November 09). Employed Persons Working from Home as a Percentage of the Total Employment, by Sex, Age and Professional Status (%). Available online: https:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=lfsa_ehomp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/22\/12087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:53Z","timestamp":1760167913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/22\/12087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182212087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182212087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}