{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:55:48Z","timestamp":1784602548319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002457","name":"Chosun University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 (K206996003-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 (K206996003-1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether brain and cognitive reserves were associated with the clinical progression of AD dementia. We included participants with AD dementia from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, provided they were followed up at least once, and candidate proxies for cognitive (education for early-life reserve and Adult Reading Test for late-life reserve) or brain reserve (intracranial volume [ICV] for early-life reserve and the composite value of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography regions of interest (FDG-ROIs) for late-life reserve) were available. The final analysis included 120 participants. Cox proportional hazards model revealed that FDG-ROIs were the only significant predictor of clinical progression. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant association between FDG-ROIs and clinical progression only in the larger ICV group (HR = 0.388, p = 0.028, 95% CI 0.167\u20130.902). Our preliminary findings suggest that relatively preserved cerebral glucose metabolism might delay further clinical progression in AD dementia, particularly in the greater ICV group. In addition to ICV, cerebral glucose metabolism could play an important role as a late-life brain reserve in the process of neurodegeneration. Distinguishing between early- and late-life reserves, and considering both proxies simultaneously, would provide a wider range of factors associated with the prognosis of AD dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T08:29:17Z","timestamp":1637310557000},"page":"12159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations between Brain Reserve Proxies and Clinical Progression in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3087-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Jun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University\/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Gon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University\/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University\/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Inn","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Hyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"For the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaing Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.216","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia from 1994 to 2012 in a population study","volume":"15","author":"Rajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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