{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:51:05Z","timestamp":1777697465546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008; NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008; NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childcare arrangements shape behavioural patterns that influence the risk of childhood obesity. However, little is known of its influence on childhood obesity in Singapore. We aim to examine the associations between childcare arrangements at the age of 5 years and childhood adiposity at age 6 years. Children from the GUSTO study were grouped into three childcare arrangements at age 5: full-time centre-based childcare (FC), partial centre-based with parental care (PCP), and partial centre-based with non-parents (grandparents and domestic helpers) as caregivers (PCN). Diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour information were collected at age 5, while anthropometric measurements were collected at age 6. Associations were analysed using multivariable regression models. Among 540 children, those in PCN had higher BMI z-scores (\u03b2: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.66), greater sum of skinfold thicknesses (mm) (\u03b2: 3.75; 95% CI: 0.53, 6.97) and were 3.55 times (95% CI: 1.78, 7.05) more likely to be overweight\/obese than those in FC. Adiposity measures in PCP children did not differ from those in FC. PCN children were reported to have more screen time and greater fast-food intake. Children in PCN tended to have higher adiposity measures. Greater engagement of non-parental caregivers should be considered in interventions targeting child obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:58:21Z","timestamp":1637528301000},"page":"12178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations of Childcare Arrangements with Adiposity Measures in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The GUSTO Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Beverly Wen-Xin","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Ying","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray","family":"Sugianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1694-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airu","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mya Thway","family":"Tint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7472-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen Lun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Inserm, INRAE, CRESS, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, F-75004 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natarajan","family":"Padmapriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Rd, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa (ESTeSL), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1549-020 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Escola Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seang-Mei","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Rd, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Graduate Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yung Seng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynette Pei-Chi","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Rd, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yap-Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"M\u00fcller-Riemenschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan G.","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8 B, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiao-Yng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, 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