{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:25:55Z","timestamp":1783466755609,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overweight, obesity and early childhood caries (ECC) are preventable conditions affecting infants and young children, with increased prevalence in those formula-fed. Previous research has focused on distinct outcomes for oral health and healthy weight gain. However, the aetiology may be linked through overlapping obesogenic and cariogenic feeding behaviours, such as increased sugar exposure through bottle propping and overfeeding. Best-practice bottle feeding and transition to cup use may concurrently reduce overweight, obesity and ECC. This integrative review aimed to identify interventions supporting best-practice formula feeding or bottle cessation and examine the intervention effects on feeding, oral health and weight outcomes. The reviewers searched nine databases and found 27 studies that met the predetermined inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies focused on populations vulnerable to ECC or unhealthy weight gain. All studies focused on carer education; however, only 10 studies utilised behaviour change techniques or theories addressing antecedents to obesogenic or cariogenic behaviours. The outcomes varied: 16 studies reported mixed outcomes, and eight reported worsened post-intervention outcomes. While some studies reported improvements, these were not maintained long-term. Many study designs were at risk of bias. Effective intervention strategies for preventing ECC and child obesity require the holistic use of interdisciplinary approaches, consumer co-design and the use of behavioural change theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1637721968000},"page":"12304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Interventions Targeting Bottle and Formula Feeding in the Prevention and Treatment of Early Childhood Caries, Overweight and Obesity: An Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7299-0416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heilok","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Dental Hospital and Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Rossiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1665-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Dental Hospital and Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"},{"name":"Health Equity Laboratory, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"},{"name":"Clinical School Child and Adolescent Health, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Denney-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Women, Children and Their Families, Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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