{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:41:57Z","timestamp":1768531317217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The primary aim of this research was to develop a questionnaire that assesses perceived injustice among survivors of war and trauma in conflict areas and to evaluate its psychometric properties. This paper presents the first preliminary validation. Furthermore, the assumption that the general perception of injustice correlates with one\u2019s own experiences of injustice and violence was tested. Methods: The 24-item Perceived Injustice Questionnaire (PIQ) was administered partly online and partly in a paper\u2013pencil version to 89 students of the University of Dohuk in Northern Iraq, an area that has been affected by crisis and war for many years. Principal component analysis was used for factor extraction and internal consistency was determined. The Mann\u2013Whitney-U test was used to calculate the group differences between people with and without experience of physical violence and strong experiences of injustice because Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov tests showed that the data are not normally distributed. Results: Principal component analysis yielded a four-component solution with eigenvalues being the greater one. Cronbach\u2019s alpha for each scale was acceptable to satisfactory. Significant results of the Mann\u2013Whitney U tests supported our assumptions of between-group differences on each of the subscales (emotional and cognitive consequences, injustice perception, injustice experience, revenge, and forgiveness). Discussion: The findings of this study support the construct validity and the reliability of the PIQ. For this reason, it can be seen as a useful addition to the psychological assessment in psychotherapeutic settings of survivors of war and violence. In conclusion, and based on the PIQ, we suggest the development of a new set of therapy modules with worksheets, focusing on the perception, dealing, and understanding of feeling of injustice as an addition to the existing trauma therapy manual for therapy in war and conflict areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T05:23:02Z","timestamp":1638163382000},"page":"12357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of a Questionnaire to Measure the Perceived Injustice of People Who Have Experienced Violence in War and Conflict Areas: Perceived Injustice Questionnaire (PIQ)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transcultural Health Science, Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kizilhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transcultural Health Science, Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychotraumtology, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq"},{"name":"Transcultural Psychosomatic Department, MediClin, 78166 Donaueschingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00197-1","article-title":"Justice sensitivity and distributive decisions in experimental games","volume":"36","author":"Fetchenhauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. 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