{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:07:19Z","timestamp":1785553639218,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan","award":["19IA2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19IA2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to compare longitudinal change of the psychological distress of a group with psychological first aid (PFA) experience and a group without PFA experience among physicians and other healthcare professionals from before the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic to during the pandemic. The baseline survey was conducted in January 2020 (T1). The respondents in T1 were invited to participate in March (T2) and November 2020 (T3). Psychological distress was assessed by the Kessler 6 Scale. Participants were divided into two categories: a group with and a group without PFA experience. Participants were further divided between physicians and healthcare professionals other than physicians, because physicians are more likely to experience morally injurious events. A mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted as an indicator of the group differences. In T1, 398 healthcare professionals participated. The longitudinal analysis of healthcare professionals other than physicians showed that psychological distress was significantly greater in the group without PFA experience than in the group with PFA experience (T1 vs. T3). This study showed psychological distress among healthcare professionals other than physicians was significantly greater in the group without PFA experience than in the group with PFA experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the results were not consistent among physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Longitudinal Change of Psychological Distress among Healthcare Professionals with and without Psychological First Aid Training Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Asaoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Koido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMAT Secretariat, National Hospital Organization, 3256 Midoricho Tachikawa, Tokyo 1908579, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzuru","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMAT Secretariat, National Hospital Organization, 3256 Midoricho Tachikawa, Tokyo 1908579, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwa-machi Machida-shi, Tokyo 1940294, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13092","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms among medical rescue workers exposed to COVID-19 in Japan","volume":"74","author":"Asaoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. 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