{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1791942381322,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The practice of slow-paced breathing (SPB) has been linked to a range of positive outcomes, such as decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as increasing well-being. Among the suggested mechanisms of action, SPB has been shown to increase cardiac vagal activity (CVA). The present study aimed to investigate whether there is a dose-response relationship modulating the effects of SPB on CVA. A total of 59 participants were involved in this study. In a within-subject design, participants attended the lab five times, and realized SPB at six cycles per minute with different durations (5, 10, 15, and 20 min), as well as a control condition without SPB. CVA was indexed via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). During SPB, findings showed an increase in RMSSD in all conditions compared to the control condition. However, no differences were found in RMSSD among the different session durations, during SPB or during the resting measurement completed immediately after SPB. Noteworthily, session duration showed an influence on the spontaneous respiratory frequency in the resting measurement occurring immediately after SPB. Specifically, respiratory frequency appears to decrease with session duration, thus potentially contributing to additional relaxing effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Single Slow-Paced Breathing Session at Six Cycles per Minute: Investigation of Dose-Response Relationship on Cardiac Vagal Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 3918 CERREV, UFR Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Laborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"EA 4260 CESAMS, UFR STAPS, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Zammit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Iskra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uirassu","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Dosseville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR-S 1075 COMETE, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.009817","article-title":"The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human","volume":"13","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00353","article-title":"How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing","volume":"12","author":"Zaccaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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