{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:22:52Z","timestamp":1791426172496,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["108-2410-H-006-0999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2410-H-006-0999"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the popularity of outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) in public spaces with the aim of increasing physical activity (PA), very little research has been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the equipment\u2019s use, especially for achieving the target fitness goal. This study designed an OFE training protocol incorporating four modalities of PA: endurance (air walker and ski machine), resistance (rowing machine and bonny rider), flexibility (arm stretch and shoulder wheel), and balance exercise (waist twister). Seniors who completed the protocol demonstrated that for endurance training, participants were at moderate intensity from heart rate and perceived exertion, while significantly improving cardiac endurance in the two min step test. For resistance\/flexibility\/balance interventions, only the handgrip strength test, the 30 s chair stand test, the right-hand shoulder flexion test, the right-hand shoulder horizontal abduction test, the single-leg stance test, and the eyes open foam surface clinical test for sensory balance were significant, using a repeated measure analysis of variance. The results demonstrated that older adults aim for the OFE target for specific fitness goals can reach moderate intensity and improve their cardiorespiratory endurance. Yet, results for resistance\/flexibility\/balance are inconclusive. More studies are needed to carefully assess the effectiveness of using OFE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Outdoor Fitness Equipment Intervention in Achieving Fitness Goals for Seniors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsueh-Wen","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Tang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9069-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Yao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60393-0","article-title":"Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis","volume":"377","author":"Beaglehole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616aa2","article-title":"Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association","volume":"39","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. 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