{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1774528751533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: COVID-19 disease first appeared in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing a global pandemic. The oral cavity represents a target of SARS-CoV-2, and oral lesions are observed in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. This systematic review aims to investigate the frequency of oral manifestations in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including articles published up to September 2021. The review protocol was based on PRISMA-P. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the Joana Briggs Institute. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE instrument. Results: Fifty-nine articles were included: 19 case reports, 17 case series, 2 case-control studies, 13 cross-sectional studies, 4 observational studies, and 4 retrospective studies. Oral ulcers, cheilitis, and tongue lesions were more common in patients before hospitalization, while perioral pressure ulcers, macroglossia, blisters, and oral candidiasis were more recurrent in patients during hospitalization. The first could be related directly to COVID-19, while the latter could be caused by medical devices, treatments, prone position, and immunological impairment. Conclusions: An accurate oral examination during the hospital admission of all confirmed COVID-19 cases is encouraged to recognize oral early manifestations and to apply appropriate treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Orilisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mascitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Togni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Monterubbianesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Tosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Putignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2641-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05762-w","article-title":"Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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