{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:22:28Z","timestamp":1761582148735,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC1806502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC1806502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Granular sponge zero valent iron (ZVI) was employed to degrade carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The effects of acidic washing, initial solution pH, and ZVI dosage on CCl4 degradation were investigated. Results showed that CCl4 was effectively removed by ZVI and approximately 75% of CCl4 was transformed into chloroform through hydrogenolysis. The rate of chloroform transformation was slower compared to that of CCl4, resulting in chloroform accumulation. CCl4 degradation was a pseudo first-order process. The observed pseudo first-order reaction rate constant (kobs) for CCl4 and chloroform were 0.1139 and 0.0109 h\u22121, respectively, with a ZVI dosage of 20 g\/L and an initial CCl4 concentration of 20 mg\/L. Surface acidic washing had a negligible effect on CCl4 degradation with ZVI. The kobs for CCl4 degradation increased linearly with increasing ZVI dosage and the optimal dosage of ZVI was 20 g\/L based on the surface area-normalized rate constants. The negative relationship between kobs and the solution pH indicated that the degradation of CCl4 by ZVI performed better under weakly acidic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Degradation Characteristics of Carbon Tetrachloride by Granular Sponge Zero Valent Iron"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1923-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuncong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoping","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography & Geomatics and Urban-Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.034","article-title":"Mechanism of carbon tetrachloride reduction in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide system in the presence of methanol","volume":"362","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00039f","article-title":"Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of zero-valent iron","volume":"8","author":"Alvarado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monitor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3030327","article-title":"Tetrachloromethane-degrading bacterial enrichment cultures and isolates from a contaminated aquifer","volume":"3","author":"Penny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00102-6","article-title":"Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in a reducing groundwater environment: Implications for natural attenuation","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010). IRIS Toxicological Review of Carbon Tetrachloride (Final Report)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2006.0179","article-title":"Hanford site vadose zone studies: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Gee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.013","article-title":"Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) in environment\u2014sources, potential human health impacts, and current remediation technologies","volume":"71","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.223","article-title":"Methanol-enhanced degradation of carbon tetrachloride by alkaline activation of persulfate: Kinetic model","volume":"666","author":"Dominguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.02.005","article-title":"Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation","volume":"51","author":"Sleep","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.003","article-title":"A review of the environmental implications of in situ remediation by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI): Behavior, transport and impacts on microbial communities","volume":"565","author":"Lefevre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"528","article-title":"Quantifying the efficiency and selectivity of organohalide dechlorination by zerovalent iron","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.02.047","article-title":"Reactivity screening of microscale zerovalent irons and iron sulfides towards different CAHs under standardized experimental conditions","volume":"252\u2013253","author":"Velimirovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-010-0502-1","article-title":"A comparison between field applications of nano-, micro-, and millimetric zero-valent iron for the remediation of contaminated aquifers","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Comba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.03.029","article-title":"Effect of boron on reactivity and apparent corrosion rate of microscale zerovalent irons","volume":"2","author":"Velimirovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.002","article-title":"Effect of field site hydrogeochemical conditions on the corrosion of milled zerovalent iron particles and their dechlorination efficiency","volume":"618","author":"Velimirovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Common Anions Affected Removal of Carbon Tetrachloride in Groundwater Using Granular Sponge Zerovalent Iron","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1021\/es4056565","article-title":"Influence of riboflavin on nanoscale zero-valent iron reactivity during the degradation of carbon tetrachloride","volume":"4","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"66","article-title":"Dechlorination of trichloroethene in aqueous solution using Fe0","volume":"1","author":"Orth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1021\/es9600901","article-title":"Kinetics of halogenated organic compound degradation by iron metal","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1021\/es011000h","article-title":"Kinetics of nitrate, nitrite, and Cr (VI) reduction by iron metal","volume":"3","author":"Alowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1021\/es071572n","article-title":"Removal of chromium (VI) by acid-washed zero-valent iron under various groundwater geochemistry conditions","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phenrat, T., Lowry, G.V., and Babakhani, P. (2019). Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (NZVI) for Environmental Restoration: From Fundamental Science to Field Scale Engineering Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95340-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.02.092","article-title":"Remediation of trichloroethylene by xanthan gum-coated microscale zero valent iron (XG-mZVI) in groundwater: Effects of geochemical constituents","volume":"271","author":"Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(94)00111-S","article-title":"Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride with elemental iron","volume":"2","author":"Helland","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1021\/es304441e","article-title":"Carbon Tetrachloride Degradation by Alkaline Ascorbic Acid Solution","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Dolfing, J., and Mueller, J. (2006, January 22\u201326). Thermodynamics of low Eh reactions. Proceedings of the Bettelle\u2019s Fifth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroo, H.F., and Ward, C.H. (2010). Abiotic Processes affecting the remediation of chlorinated solvents. In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1401-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00034-5","article-title":"Long-term performance monitoring for a permeable reactive barrier at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Puls","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2016.0580","article-title":"Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride by Sulfide-Modified Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2009.06.012","article-title":"Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by zero-valent iron and related iron corrosion","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Jiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B-Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2010.10.015","article-title":"Reduction of hexachlorobenzene by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Kinetics, pH effect, and degradation mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Shih","year":"2011","journal-title":"Separ. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01298","article-title":"Reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron in unbuffered systems: Effect of pH and Fe(II) dissolution","volume":"17","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23538","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9976-3","article-title":"Effect of solution pH on aging dynamics and surface structural evolution of mZVI particles: H2 production and spectroscopic\/microscopic evidence","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. R."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.10.062","article-title":"Bimetallic Fe nanoparticles: Recent advances in synthesis and application in catalytic elimination of environmental pollutants","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.015","article-title":"Reductive dechlorination of tetrachlorobisphenol A by Pd\/Fe bimetallic catalysts","volume":"262","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60314-4","article-title":"Effects of pH and particle size on kinetics of nitrobenzene reduction by zero-valent iron","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1021\/es049373g","article-title":"Spectroscopic evidence for Fe (II)-Fe (III) electron transfer at the iron oxide-water interface","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.112","article-title":"An overview of permeable reactive barriers for in situ sustainable groundwater remediation","volume":"111","author":"Malina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:37:21Z","timestamp":1760168241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182312578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]}}}