{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T21:49:37Z","timestamp":1771364977881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes pain, disability and poor quality of life in the elderly. The primary aim was to identify and map out the current evidence for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on complex lifestyle and psychosocial interventions for knee OA. The secondary aim was to outline different components of complex lifestyle and psychosocial interventions. Our scoping review searched five databases from 2000 to 2021 where complex lifestyle or psychosocial interventions for patients with knee OA were compared to other interventions. Screening and data extraction were performed by two review authors independently and discrepancies resolved through consensus and in parallel with a third reviewer. A total of 38 articles were selected: 9 studied the effectiveness of psychological interventions; 11 were on self-management and lifestyle interventions; 18 looked at multifaceted interventions. This review highlights the substantial variation in knee OA interventions and the overall lack of quality in the current literature. Potential areas of future research, including identifying prognostic social factors, stratified care models, transdisciplinary care delivery and technology augmented interventions, have been identified. Further high-quality RCTs utilizing process evaluations and economic evaluation in accordance with the MRC guidelines are critical for the development of evidence-based knee OA programs globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1638738105000},"page":"12757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Complex Lifestyle and Psychological Intervention in Knee Osteoarthritis: Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bryan Yijia","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore 768024, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tivona","family":"Thach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin Lynda","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soren Thorgaard","family":"Skou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, N\u00e6stved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Thumboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8969-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorainne Tudor","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204763","article-title":"The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study","volume":"73","author":"Cross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01311","article-title":"The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline on Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee","volume":"98","author":"McGrory","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.01.003","article-title":"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"McAlindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Australian Institute for Health and Welfare (2010). Use of Health Services for Arthritis and Osteoporosis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12402","article-title":"Assessing appropriateness of osteoarthritis care using quality indicators: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Basedow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.09.003","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Models for appropriate care across the disease continuum","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv88","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key062","article-title":"Challenges and controversies of complex interventions in osteoarthritis management: Recognizing inappropriate and discordant care","volume":"57","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroon, F.P.B., van der Burg, L.R.A., Buchbinder, R., Osborne, R.H., Johnston, R.V., and Pitt, V. (2014). Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008963.pub2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34646","article-title":"Discordance between pain and radiographic severity in knee osteoarthritis: Findings from quantitative sensory testing of central sensitization","volume":"65","author":"Finan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.795","article-title":"Comorbidity of chronic pain and mental health disorders: The biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"59","author":"Gatchel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32832ed704","article-title":"Psychosocial factors and the pain experience of osteoarthritis patients: New findings and new directions","volume":"21","author":"Somers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alabajos-Cea, A., Herrero-Manley, L., Suso-Mart\u00ed, L., Alonso-P\u00e9rez-Barquero, J., and Viosca-Herrero, E. (2021). Are Psychosocial Factors Determinant in the Pain and Social Participation of Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094575"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2008.03.001","article-title":"Psychologic interventions and lifestyle modifications for arthritis pain management","volume":"34","author":"Keefe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1655","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655","article-title":"Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"337","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M.D.J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193419865897","article-title":"Treatment interventions for hand fractures and joint injuries: A scoping review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Mousoulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15094","article-title":"Anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A scoping review of randomized controlled trials and call for international collaboration","volume":"18","author":"Tritschler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.06.013","article-title":"AHRQ series on complex intervention systematic reviews-paper 3: Adapting frameworks to develop protocols","volume":"90","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.06.011","article-title":"AHRQ series on complex intervention systematic reviews-paper 1: An introduction to a series of articles that provide guidance and tools for reviews of complex interventions","volume":"90","author":"Guise","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i85","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dar074","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for the promotion of mental health and the prevention of depression among older adults","volume":"26","author":"Forsman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1780","article-title":"What is a psychological intervention? A metareview and practical proposal","volume":"20","author":"Hodges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psycho-oncology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007642","article-title":"Behavioural physical activity interventions in participants with lower-limb osteoarthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finney, A., Healey, E., Jordan, J.L., Ryan, S., and Dziedzic, K.S. (2016). Multidisciplinary approaches to managing osteoarthritis in multiple joint sites: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1125-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496190","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2496190","article-title":"Education and Social Support as Key Factors in Osteoarthritis Management Programs: A Scoping Review","volume":"2018","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1282160","article-title":"Effects of psychological interventions for patients with osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014537","article-title":"Effect of physical activity and dietary restriction interventions on weight loss and the musculoskeletal function of overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and mixed method data synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Alrushud","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39048","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, active placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"67","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23257","article-title":"Internet Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"Newby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182533","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2533","article-title":"Effect of a Positive Psychological Intervention on Pain and Functional Difficulty Among Adults With Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Hausmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514558567","article-title":"Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural group intervention for knee osteoarthritis pain: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Helminen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.03.022","article-title":"Effects of spouse-assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: A randomized controlled study","volume":"110","author":"Keefe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.023","article-title":"Pain coping skills training and lifestyle behavioral weight management in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled study","volume":"153","author":"Somers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22744","article-title":"Physical Therapist-Delivered Pain Coping Skills Training and Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"68","author":"Bennell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1714","article-title":"Effectiveness of an Internet-Delivered Exercise and Pain-Coping Skills Training Intervention for Persons With Chronic Knee Pain: A Randomized Trial","volume":"166","author":"Bennell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12306","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12306","article-title":"Evaluation of the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior-based multifaceted intervention on patient activation and osteoarthritis symptoms","volume":"17","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000147050.45377.df","article-title":"Can a nurse-directed intervention reduce the exposure of patients with knee osteoarthritis to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs?","volume":"10","author":"Mazzuca","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04292.x","article-title":"Effects of a self-management arthritis programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Yip","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b421","article-title":"ARTIST (osteoarthritis intervention standardized) study of standardised consultation versus usual care for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee in primary care in France: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"338","author":"Ravaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.120","article-title":"Intensive lifestyle intervention improves physical function among obese adults with knee pain: Findings from the Look AHEAD trial","volume":"19","author":"Foy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3703","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of a self-management education program for osteoarthritis of the knee delivered by health care professionals","volume":"14","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0000000000000180","article-title":"The Effect of Multifactorial Intervention Programs on Health Behavior and Symptom Control Among Community-Dwelling Overweight Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Saraboon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9667","article-title":"Effects of a 12-Week Digital Care Program for Chronic Knee Pain on Pain, Mobility, and Surgery Risk: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Mecklenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.12.008","article-title":"Physical therapy vs internet-based exercise training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.01.003","article-title":"Telephone-based weight loss support for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Wiggers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X17723368","article-title":"Efficacy of tele-rehabilitation compared with office-based physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Azma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"254","article-title":"Stepped Exercise Program for Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brosseau, L., Wells, G.A., Kenny, G.P., Reid, R., Maetzel, A., Tugwell, P., Huijbregts, M., McCullough, C., De Angelis, G., and Chen, L. (2012). The implementation of a community-based aerobic walking program for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: A knowledge translation randomized controlled trial: Part II: Clinical outcomes. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1073"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.12.017","article-title":"A walking program for people with severe knee osteoarthritis did not reduce pain but may have benefits for cardiovascular health: A phase II randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Wallis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22915","article-title":"Telephone Coaching to Enhance a Home-Based Physical Activity Program for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"69","author":"Bennell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.10.006","article-title":"Limited effect of a self-management exercise program added to spa therapy for increasing physical activity in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A quasi-randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Gay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517718892","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a combined self-management and exercise intervention for elderly people with osteoarthritis of the knee: The PLE2NO program","volume":"32","author":"Marconcin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23013","article-title":"Efficacy of Tailored Exercise Therapy on Physical Functioning in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis and Comorbidity: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"69","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"S394","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of group Vs. Individual physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090041","article-title":"Progressive resistance training improves overall physical activity levels in patients with early osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Farr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20013","article-title":"A comparison of strength training, self-management, and the combination for early osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"62","author":"McKnight","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324833","article-title":"Physical exercise and comorbidity. Results from the Fitness and Arthritis in Seniors Trial (FAST)","volume":"18","author":"Mangani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"201","article-title":"Efficacy of an exercise program combined with lifestyle education in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"45","author":"Alfieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol. Port."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01474-7","article-title":"Effects of rural community-based integrated exercise and health education programs on the mobility function of older adults with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.544","article-title":"Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Nicklas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22504","article-title":"Effect of weight maintenance on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis in obese patients: A twelve-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3170","article-title":"Effects of dietary intervention and quadriceps strengthening exercises on pain and function in overweight people with knee pain: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"339","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.277669","article-title":"Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: The IDEA randomized clinical trial","volume":"310","author":"Messier","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.04.021","article-title":"The efficacy of 12 weeks non-surgical treatment for patients not eligible for total knee replacement: A randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Skou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(00)00186-5","article-title":"The RE-AIM framework for evaluating interventions: What can it tell us about approaches to chronic illness management?","volume":"44","author":"Glasgow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182408812","article-title":"Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: Combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact","volume":"50","author":"Curran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1258","article-title":"Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"350","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2011.110180","article-title":"The answer is 17 years, what is the question: Understanding time lags in translational research","volume":"104","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.12.43","article-title":"Social determinants and osteoarthritis outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Luong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundell, K., and Olsson, T. (2017). Social Intervention Research, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195389678-0254"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.08.028","article-title":"Osteoarthritis 2012 year in review: Rehabilitation and outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Roos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22948","article-title":"Supporting the Evaluation and Implementation of Musculoskeletal Models of Care: A Globally Informed Framework for Judging Readiness and Success","volume":"69","author":"Briggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9","article-title":"Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012445","article-title":"Does a modified STarT Back Tool predict outcome with a broader group of musculoskeletal patients than back pain? A secondary analysis of cohort data","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, J.C., Garvin, S., Chen, Y., Cooper, V., Wathall, S., Saunders, B., Lewis, M., Protheroe, J., Chudyk, A., and Dunn, K.M. (2020). Stratified primary care versus non-stratified care for musculoskeletal pain: Findings from the STarT MSK feasibility and pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Fam. Pract., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-1074-9"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10833196.2018.1470747","article-title":"Digital behaviour change interventions to facilitate physical activity in osteoarthritis: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:39:16Z","timestamp":1760168356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182312757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]}}}